Origens e direção do Pragmatismo Ecumênico e Responsável (1974-1979)

Abstract

IntroduçãoEm 19 de março de 1974, o presidente Ernesto Geisel, recém indicado, reuniu o novo ministério para anunciar que as estruturas do regime autoritário iniciado em 1964 seriam flexibilizadas sob seu controle pessoal. No mesmo dia, o presidente batizou a política externa de seu governo de Pragmatismo Ecumênico e Responsável. Durante os cinco anos subseqüentes, Geisel dedicou à política externa e a seu chanceler, Antônio Francisco Azeredo da Silveira, mais horas de despacho do que a qualquer outra pasta. Juntos, o presidente e o chanceler buscaram transformar aspectos importantes do comportamento e da palavra do Brasil no mundo. Três décadas após a sua formulação inicial, a referência explícita ao pragmatismo volta a aparecer no vocabulário normativo da diplomacia brasileira, moldando os termos do debate sobre os rumos internacionais do país.Utilizando fontes primárias recentemente disponibilizadas para pesquisa, este artigo aponta as precondições intelectuais e materiais, as tensões de origem e os primeiros mecanismos de implementação do Pragmatismo Ecumênico e Responsável. O trabalho é desenvolvido * Doutorando em Relações Internacionais na Universidade de Oxford. Rev. Bras. Polít. Int. 47 (2): 191-222 [2004] Artigo

Clashing frames: human rights and foreign policy in the Brazilian re-democratization process

“…Geisel's foreign policy had both elements of continuation and escalation vis-à-vis its predecessors' (mainly Costa e Silva and Médici) regarding the search for more autonomy, assertiveness, and diversification of partners, as well as its connection with domestic economic pressure for development (Hurrell 2013). Within the liberalization operation conducted by the government, foreign policy became another tool adopted by Geisel to control opposing factions within the military elite, and to gain public opinion support (Spektor 2004). Geisel used it in three ways, according to Spektor: (i) to strengthen its leverage among the hard-line military by adopting a more "nationalist" approach to foreign policy, (ii) to associate it with the liberalization process by having a closer relation with the press and using international events to make statements, and (iii) to have some consensus domestically, since a "third-world" rhetoric and a more bold approach to Washington had the potential to please the left and the right agendas.…”

Forty Years of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 (XXX) on Zionism and Racism: the Brazilian Vote as an instance of United States - Brazil Relations

“…It was meant to be, in the words of Spektor (2004), neither stationary nor revolutionary, but rather neutralize any aspects of the international system hampering Brazil from realizing what it believed to be its potential, as well as manipulating the positive ones. In practice, a whole gamut of actions was available to Brazil with the general purposes of expanding markets, attracting investors, ensuring the supply of raw materials, and avoiding being tied up to the policies of its partners.…”

“…In practice, a whole gamut of actions was available to Brazil with the general purposes of expanding markets, attracting investors, ensuring the supply of raw materials, and avoiding being tied up to the policies of its partners. The country increasingly took up a Third World discourse, but without a confrontationist attitude (Lessa 1998;Spektor 2004;Gonçalves and Miyamoto 1993).…”

“…It was not meant to recant Western values, but rather to explore the limits of Brazilian autonomy within them. (Lessa 1998;Spektor 2004). Yet, the initial reaction to the vote was utterly negative within and outside Brazil, with the very core values of the country being questioned without any immediate gain.…”

Entre O Desenvolvimento E a Segurança: Cooperação Sul-Sul Entre Brasil E Líbia Nos Governos Lula E Dilma

“…Geisel cuja política externa, com importante presença do chanceler Azeredo da Silveira, foi definida como "Pragmatismo Responsável" (Vizentini, 2004) ou ainda "Pragmatismo Ecumênico Responsável" (Spektor, 2004). Esse período é definido por crescente aumento do grau de autonomia e independência da PEB no cenário internacional.…”