Orienting Reflexes and Significance: A Reply to O'Gorman

Maltzman, Irving

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02990.x

Cited by 103 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…However, Groves and Thompson (1970) and Thompson, Berry, Rinaldi, and Berger (1979), while clearly recognizing this problem, have argued for the general utility of such a term as a shorthand descriptor of those tonic excitatory influences, not necessarily of a unitary nature, which can affect response outcome. O'Gorman (1979) attributed all significance effects in OR elicitation to diffuse arousal differences, a position which Maltzman (1979) contradicted from previous work (Maltzman & Raskin, 1965). Barry (1981b) found significance effects in the GSR (but not in PPAR); these were independent of cardiac arousal levels, empirical evidence confirming the stance of Maltzman (1979) and specifically contradicting O'Gorman's thesis.…”

contrasting

confidence: 53%

“…O'Gorman (1979) attributed all significance effects in OR elicitation to diffuse arousal differences, a position which Maltzman (1979) contradicted from previous work (Maltzman & Raskin, 1965). Barry (1981b) found significance effects in the GSR (but not in PPAR); these were independent of cardiac arousal levels, empirical evidence confirming the stance of Maltzman (1979) and specifically contradicting O'Gorman's thesis.…”

contrasting

confidence: 53%

“…If 0090-5046/82/020209-06$00.85/0 motor activity is elicited by the stimulus, as occurs in a reaction-time task, a longer latency cardiac response of heart rate acceleration (ECR2) is hypothesized to mask ECRI. This entire process of OR elicitation is "steered" by cortical set (Maltzman, 1979). Barry and James (198Ib) examined a number of parallels between the elements of dual-process theory (Groves & Thompson, 1970) and some elements of this multiregister system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anticipatory changes in state, dual-process theory, and preliminary OR processes

Barry

1982

Psychobiology

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Recent studies of phasic response fractionation in the OR context have led to a theoretical development of the multiregister model of Barry (1979), which emphasizes the role of preliminary processes in OR elicitation. In this new model (e.g., Barry, 1981b), the novelty and magnitude of the stimulus are coded in separate registers which are similar in their operating characteristics to the hypothetical processes Hand S of dual-process theory (Groves & Thompson, 1970), and which interact to produce the OR. The present study examined the parallel between S and the stimulus magnitude register by manipulating anticipatory cardiac arousal between stimuli. A warned target stimulus was predicted to provide a context of enhanced cardiac arousal in comparison with a warned nontarget. The predicted S effect was obtained in the peripheral pulse amplitude response (PPAR), an index of the magnitude register. This and other results of response fractionation support the new model of preIiminary OR processes. The results also bear upon recent findings of inconsistent habituation with PPAR measures.

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contrasting

confidence: 53%

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confidence: 99%

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Anticipatory changes in state, dual-process theory, and preliminary OR processes

Barry

1982

Psychobiology

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“…Although a GSR induced in such a manner is as- sumed to be the reflection of a relatively involuntary OR (Maltzman, 1977(Maltzman, , 1979, it is nevertheless related to subsequent differential semantic conditioning assumed to be the consequence of a voluntary OR induced by the discovered significance of the es (Pendery & Maltzman, 1977).…”

Section: Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the appropriate background or standing conditions, three kinds of initial conditions may give rise to an orienting reflex (OR) as reflected in a measure such as the GSR: (1) external stimulus changes of various kinds (Sokolov, 1963) summaarized collectively as collative variables by Berlyne (1960), (2) the significance of stimuli, learned or unlearned (Bernstein, 1979;Maltzman, 1979;O'Gorman, 1979;Pendery & Maltzman, 1977;Razran, 1971;Sokolov, 1963), and (3) self-generated ORs as reflected in problem-solving activity (Maltzman, 1979;Maltzman & Mandell, 1968;Pendery & Maltzman, 1977). Different aspects of the present study are concerned with the second and third classes of OR determiners.…”

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confidence: 99%

Verbal conditioning, task instructions, and inhibition of the GSR measure of the orienting reflex

1982

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Electrodermal Activity

Boucsein

2012

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except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword to the Second EditionAs noted by David Lykken in the foreword to the first edition of this book, electrodermal activity was observed for the first time in Germany. A quartercentury later the scientific study of psychology also originated in Germany. Over time, however, the focus of psychological research, including the then new field of psychophysiology, shifted to the United States and Great Britain. This trend to the dominance of the United States and Great Britain was prolonged by the devastation of World War II and its aftermath in Germany (and elsewhere in continental Europe). Slowly at first and then more rapidly, German psychological science, including psychophysiology, recovered. For several decades German psychophysiologists have been a major force in psychophysiology. With the publication of the first English edition of this book in 1992, it became essential for electrodermal researchers worldwide again to learn from our German colleagues.When I came into psychophysiology in the mid-1960s, electrodermal activity was the most common system studied. Because of its popularity, a large literature had emerged on the physiological mechanisms producing these changes in the electrical properties of the skin and on the best methodology for recording them. Major reviews and/or chapters had been published or soon were to be published by Peter Venables and Irene Martin, Robert Edelberg, and David Lykken. Later reviews and articles were published by Venables and Margaret Christie, and by me. A chapter in 1990 by Michael Dawson, Anne Schell, and Diane Filion was especially noteworthy for its coverage of the psychological applications of electrodermal measures.Note that all these publications were journal articles and chapters and that most of them focused almost entirely on mechanisms and methodology. The publication of this book, first in German and then in English, provided the first book on electrodermal activity, and one that extensively covers psychological applications as well as mechanisms and methodology. Again to quote David Lykken back in 1992, "The return of German scholarship to what I shall loftily call the high table of psychophysiology is exemplified by this fine book, the most comprehensive treatise on the electrodermal system to appear in any language . . ." I completely agree with v that evaluation. Professor Boucsein's outstanding scholarship has produced a book of such breadth of coverage ...

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Orienting Reflexes and Significance: A Reply to O'Gorman

Cited by 103 publications

References 28 publications

Anticipatory changes in state, dual-process theory, and preliminary OR processes

Anticipatory changes in state, dual-process theory, and preliminary OR processes

Verbal conditioning, task instructions, and inhibition of the GSR measure of the orienting reflex

Electrodermal Activity

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