Verbal conditioning, task instructions, and inhibition of the GSR measure of the orienting reflex

Maltzman, Irving; Vincent, Carl R.; Wolff, Craig

doi:10.3758/bf03332940

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Either of these manipulations could account for the results. That paying attention to the movie may contribute to reduced responding is suggested by the work of Maltzman, Vincent, and Wolff (1982). Those investigators found that when attention was directed to one stimulus in aseries, by requiring a pedalpress to its occurrence, the response to a subsequently presented stimulus was diminished as compared with the responses generated by the same stimuli without the pedalpress requirement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Those investigators found that when attention was directed to one stimulus in aseries, by requiring a pedalpress to its occurrence, the response to a subsequently presented stimulus was diminished as compared with the responses generated by the same stimuli without the pedalpress requirement. Maltzman et al (1982) hypothesized that "a voluntary and effortful focusing of attention towards one event narrows the focus of attention and as a consequence decreases the apprehension of other stimuli" (p. 226). A direct test of this notion in the present study would require another control group in which ignore instructions were omitted but subjects were exhorted to attend to the movie.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of instructions and an engaging visual task on habituation to loud tones: An evaluation of an alternative to the traditional habituation paradigm

Iacono

Lykken

1984

Psychobiology

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The effects of ambiguous instructions and instructions to specifically ignore or attend to stimuli on electrodermal habituation were examined in 88 volunteers who were evenly divided among four groups. The subjects were exposed to 17 105-dB tones. Subjects in three of the groups watched a videotape of an old silent movie. Those in the "Ignore" group were exhorted to immerse themselves in the movie and ignore the tones. "Attend" subjects were told to count the tones and be certain that they all sounded the same. In the two neutral groups, only one of which saw the movie, subjects were told simply that they would hear some tones. "Ignore" subjects responded less often, habituated at a faster rate, and rated the tones as less loud than did subjects in the other groups. The results confirmed our previous findings that ignore instructions coupled with a distracting task reduce electrodermal reactivity to loud task-irrelevant stimuli.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of instructions and an engaging visual task on habituation to loud tones: An evaluation of an alternative to the traditional habituation paradigm

Iacono

Lykken

1984

Psychobiology

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“…However, a review of the orienting response literature reveals that various theoreticians argued for two types of orienting responses. Specifically, Maltzman and his colleagues (e.g., Maltzman, 1977; Maltzman, Vincent, & Wolff, 1982) made a distinction between voluntary and involuntary orienting responses: the latter is evoked by an unexpected novel stimulus, whereas the former reflects a response to a predictable significant stimulus – a stimulus for which expectations have been formed through instructions. A similar distinction was made by Naatanen (1979), who noted that Sokolov’s (1963) original theory cannot account for the activation of the orienting response by familiar but significant stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting concealed familiarity using eye movements: the role of task demands

et al. 2019

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Background What can theories regarding memory-related gaze preference contribute to the field of deception detection? While abundant research has examined the ability to detect concealed information through physiological responses, only recently has the scientific community started to explore how eye tracking can be utilized for that purpose. However, previous attempts to detect deception through eye movements have led to relatively low detection ability in comparison to physiological measures. In the current study, we demonstrate that the modulation of gaze behavior by familiarity, changes considerably when participants perform a visual detection task in comparison to a short-term memory task (that was used in a previous study). Thus, we highlight the importance of theory-based selection of task demands for improving the ability to detect concealed information using eye-movement measures. Results During visual exploration of four faces (some familiar and some unfamiliar) gaze was allocated preferably on familiar faces, manifested by more fixations. However, this preference tendency vanished once participants were instructed to convey countermeasures and conceal their familiarity by deploying gaze equally to all faces. This gaze behavior during the visual detection task differed significantly from the one observed during a short-term memory task used in a previous study in which a preference towards unfamiliar faces was evident even when countermeasures were applied. Conclusions Different tasks elicit different patterns of gaze behavior towards familiar and unfamiliar faces. Moreover, the ability to voluntarily control gaze behavior is tightly related to task demands. Adequate ability to control gaze was observed in the current visual detection task when memorizing the faces was not required for a successful accomplishment of the task. Thus, applied settings would benefit from a short-term memory task which is much more robust to countermeasure efforts. Beyond shedding light on theories of gaze preference, these findings provide a backbone for future research in the field of deception detection via eye movements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41235-019-0162-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The two factors that determine OR according the proposed model may correspond to the two types of OR mentioned by Maltzman and his colleagues (e.g., Maltzman, Gould, Pendry, & Wolff, 1982; Maltzman, Vincent, & Wolff, 1982). They made a distinction between voluntary and involuntary ORs: The latter is evoked by an unexpected novel stimulus, whereas the former reflects a response to a predictable stimulus—a stimulus for which expectations have been formed through instructions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novelty and significance in orientation and habituation: A feature-matching approach.

Gati¹,

Ben‐Shakhar²

1990

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

112

118

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A feature-matching model to account for the effects of novelty and significance on psychophysiological responsivity is presented. 2 experiments based on a modified version of the Guilty Knowledge Technique were designed to test predictions derived from the proposed model. Results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that electrodermal responsivity to the test stimulus reflected the degree to which the subjects were habituated to its components. Experiment 2 provided additional support for the proposed model and suggested that the effects of novelty and significance were additive. These findings support the hypothesis that responsivity is positively related to the degree of match between the input and the representation of significance, and it is negatively related to the similarity between the input and the preceding stimuli. It is argued that the proposed model clarifies the processes involved in orienting response elicitation.

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Verbal conditioning, task instructions, and inhibition of the GSR measure of the orienting reflex

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

The effects of instructions and an engaging visual task on habituation to loud tones: An evaluation of an alternative to the traditional habituation paradigm

The effects of instructions and an engaging visual task on habituation to loud tones: An evaluation of an alternative to the traditional habituation paradigm

Detecting concealed familiarity using eye movements: the role of task demands

Novelty and significance in orientation and habituation: A feature-matching approach.

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