“…1c). Surfaces such as a glass plate deposited with Au (Nakaji-Hirabayashi et al, 2007;Vallina-García et al, 2007), a maleic-anhydride-activated polystyrene plate (Paborsky et al, 1996), or PEG-coated Si(III) (Cha et al, 2004(Cha et al, , 2005 can be used, on which a chelate group, i.e., di-or trivalent carboxylic acids such as imidoacetic acid (IDA) and nitrotriacetic acid (NTA), is attached to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The chelate group strongly binds to Ni +2 or Cu +2 via three or four binding sites, leaving three or two respectively vacant sites for coordination to imidazole groups of the tagged protein molecule (Cha et al, 2004).…”