Organophosphate Poisoning Due to a Wheat Bagel

Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide used to control cockroaches, crickets, silverfish, bedbugs, fleas, cattle grubs, flies, ticks, leaf miners, and leaf-hoppers. It is also used to treat domestic animals for control of internal parasites. Trans-2-hydroxycinnamic acid (T2HCA) is a hydroxyl derivative of cinnamic acid. The present study highlights trichlorofon-induced toxicity and the protective role of T2HCA in the liver, kidney, and brain of female Wistar rats. The rats were given a single dose of trichlorofon (150 mg / kg bw) and pre- and post-treatment T2HCA (50 mg / kg bw) for seven days. Trichlorofon enhanced oxidative stress in liver, kidney, and brain of the rats, which was evident from the elevation of lipid peroxidation (LPO). The reduced level of non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH) also indicated the presence of an oxidative insult. The activity of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly decreased on trichlorfon administration. Pre and post treatment with T2HCA decreased the LPO level and increased SOD, CAT, GST, GR, GPx, and GSH in the brain, liver, and kidney. Trichlorfon-induced reduction in acelylcholinestrase was also ameliorated with T2HCA treatment. In conclusion, trichlorfon-mediated induction in the reactive oxygen species and disturbance in the antioxidant enzymes’ defense system was moderately ameliorated by antioxidant trans-2-hydroxycinnamic acid.

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“…There are few earlier reports of decrease in AChE activity on the organophosphate pesticide exposure. [3031]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of trans-2-Hydroxycinnamic acid against Trichlorfon-induced oxidative stress in wistar rats

Sharma

Singh

2012

Toxicol Int

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“…These toxic chemicals or their metabolites make a covalent bond with the active site serine of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8), resulting in inhibition of BChE activity (Main, 1976; Whittaker, 1986). The inhibited butyrylcholinesterase in plasma serves as a biomarker of OP exposure (Altintop et al, 2005; Yardan et al, 2007; Yurumez et al, 2007; Kavalci et al, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Turkey, exposure to OP pesticides is inferred by measuring BChE activity in plasma (Altintop et al, 2005; Yardan et al, 2007; Yurumez et al, 2007; Kavalci et al, 2009). A limitation of this method is that it does not identify the poison.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methamidophos, dichlorvos, O‐methoate and diazinon pesticides used in Turkey make a covalent bond with butyrylcholinesterase detected by mass spectrometry

Tacal

Lockridge

2010

J of Applied Toxicology

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Organophosphorus pesticides used most commonly in Turkey include methamidophos, dichlorvos, O-methoate, and diazinon. These toxic chemicals or their metabolites make a covalent bond with the active site serine of butyrylcholinesterase. Our goal was to identify the adducts that result from the reaction of human butyrylcholinesterase with these pesticides. Highly purified human butyrylcholinesterase was treated with a 20-fold molar excess of pesticide. The protein was denatured by boiling and digested with trypsin. MS and MSMS spectra of HPLC-purified peptides were acquired on a MALDI-TOF-TOF 4800 mass spectrometer. It was found that methamidophos added a mass of +93, consistent with addition of methoxy aminophosphate. A minor amount of adduct with an added mass of +109 was also found. Dichlorvos and O-methoate both made dimethoxyphosphate (+108) and monomethoxyphosphate adducts (+94). Diazinon gave a novel adduct with an added mass of +152 consistent with diethoxythiophosphate. Inhibition of enzyme activity in the presence of diazinon developed slowly (15 h), concomitant with isomerization of diazinon via a thiono-thiolo rearrangement. The isomer of diazinon yielded diethoxyphosphate and monoethoxyphosphate adducts with added masses of +136 and +108. MSMS spectra confirmed that each of the pesticides studied made a covalent bond with serine 198 of butyrylcholinesterase. These results can be used to identify the class of pesticides to which a patient was exposed.

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“…In this outbreak, the 4-h delay in receipt of appropriate treatment likely contributed to the high case-fatality rate among case-patients. Had health workers quickly confirmed the diagnosis and provided specific treatment or referred the patients to higher-level health facility sooner, the 3 students might have had a better outcome [17]. Public and clinical education about warning signs of organophosphate poisoning might have facilitated faster recognition of the syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal cases associated with eating chapatti contaminated with organophosphate in Tororo District, Eastern Uganda, 2015: case series

et al. 2019

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Background Few cases of organophosphate poisoning in developing countries have been investigated using clinical and epidemiological methods. On 30 October 2015, 3 students at Mukuju School, Tororo District, Uganda, died soon after eating chapatti (locally-made flat bread) from the same food stand. Ministry of Health investigated to identify the cause and recommend prevention measures. Methods We defined a case as onset during 30–31 October 2015 in a resident of Mukuju Town of ≥1 of the following symptoms: excessive saliva, profuse sweating, dizziness, low blood pressure, constricted pupils or loss of consciousness. We reviewed medical/police records and interviewed survivors, healthcare workers, and police officers. We collected samples of implicated food for toxicological analysis. Autopsies were performed on decedents to identify the cause of death. Results We identified 7 cases with 3 deaths (case-fatality ratio = 43%). Clinical manifestations included acute onset of confusion (100%), constricted pupils (43%), excessive saliva (43%), and low blood pressure (43%). All 7 cases had onset from 16:00–18:00 h on 30 October, with a point-source exposure pattern. Of the 7 cases, 86% (6/7) were men; the mean age was 24 (range: 20–32) years. The 3 decedents each ate a whole chapatti while the other 4 cases ate half or less. Autopsy findings of the 3 decedents indicated organophosphate poisoning. Toxicological analysis found high levels of malathion in leftover foods (266 mg/L in dough and 258 mg/L in chapatti) and malaoxon (a highly toxic malathion derivative) in decedents’ postmortem specimens (mean levels of 19 mg/L in the blood and 22 mg/L in the gastric contents). There was a delay of 4 h before the patients received appropriate treatment. Police investigations revealed that flour used to make the chapatti was intentionally contaminated with an organophosphate pesticide. Conclusion This fatal outbreak of organophosphate poisoning was associated with consumption of roadside-vended chapatti made of flour contaminated with pesticide. Clinicians should be aware of symptoms of organophosphate poisoning and prepared to treat it quickly. Street vendors should carefully consider the source of their ingredients. An in-depth surveillance review of such poisonings in Uganda would guide policymakers in reducing access by criminals and accidental exposures for the public. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7143-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Organophosphate Poisoning Due to a Wheat Bagel

Cited by 18 publications

References 18 publications

Efficacy of trans-2-Hydroxycinnamic acid against Trichlorfon-induced oxidative stress in wistar rats

Efficacy of trans-2-Hydroxycinnamic acid against Trichlorfon-induced oxidative stress in wistar rats

Methamidophos, dichlorvos, O‐methoate and diazinon pesticides used in Turkey make a covalent bond with butyrylcholinesterase detected by mass spectrometry

Fatal cases associated with eating chapatti contaminated with organophosphate in Tororo District, Eastern Uganda, 2015: case series

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