Organometallic ruthenium(II) complexes: Synthesis, structure and influence of substitution at azomethine carbon towards DNA/BSA binding, radical scavenging and cytotoxicity
“…Therefore, the ethidium bromide (EB) which is usually used as a sensitive fluorescence probe for native DNA is a planar organic cationic dye [34]. The displacement technique is based on the decrease of fluorescence resulting from the displacement…”
“…Therefore, the ethidium bromide (EB) which is usually used as a sensitive fluorescence probe for native DNA is a planar organic cationic dye [34]. The displacement technique is based on the decrease of fluorescence resulting from the displacement…”
“…UV-visible absorption measurement is a simple method to explore the structural changes and is useful to distinguish whether the type of quenching exists is static or dynamic. Dynamic quenching only affects the excited states of the fluorophore, and there are no changes in the absorption spectra (Paitandi et al 2014;Sathyadevi et al 2012). The absorption spectra of BSA in the absence and presence of two compounds at different concentrations were studied.…”
Two dibenzoxanthene isomers 3 and 4 were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures of the two compounds were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Binding of two compounds with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) and BSA (bovine serum albumin) has been thoroughly investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The DNA-binding constants were determined to be 2.51 (± 0.09) × 10(3) for compound 3 and 4.55 (± 0.10) × 10(3) for compound 4. Two compounds can cleave pBR322 DNA upon irradiation. Significant nuclear damages of BEL-7402 cells were observed with compound treatment in a comet assay. The cytotoxicity in vitro was investigated by MTT method. These compounds have been found to induce nuclear condensation and fragmentation in BEL-7402 cells. The two compounds can enhance intracellular reactive oxygen species and decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential. The compounds activated caspase-3 and caspase-7, down-regulated the expression levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and up-regulated the expression levels of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. These compounds induce apoptosis of BEL-7402 cells through an ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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