Organization of the sacral parasympathetic reflex pathways to the urinary bladder and large intestine

Groat, William C. de; Nadelhaft, Irving; Milne, Richard; Booth, A. M.; Morgan, Charles W.; Thor, Karl B.

doi:10.1016/0165-1838(81)90059-x

Cited by 457 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The somatic hypersensitivity present is likely to be a result of central sensitization of spinal dorsal horn neurons that receive somatovisceral convergence [6][7][8][9][10]36]. An additional factor could be related to neural cross-talk in the pelvis [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients with visceral pain often exhibit a wide variety of somatic symptoms including back pain, migraine headaches, and muscle pain. These symptoms may be consistent with central sensitization; referral of visceral pain to somatic tissues outside the area of immediate referral [1][2][3][4][5] or neural cross-talk in which afferent activation of one visceral structure influences efferent output in other structures and organs and is mediated by convergence of sensory pathways in the spinal cord [6][7][8][9][10].. Somatic hypersensitivity may also occur in clinical conditions where visceral pain is directly referred to a corresponding area of somatic tissue. Referred visceral hypersensitivity is most often related to visceral pain being directly referred to the corresponding area of the abdominal wall [2,11, and 12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visceral and Somatic Hypersensitivity in TNBS-Induced Colitis in Rats

et al. 2007

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Inflammation of visceral structures in rats has been shown to produce visceral/somatic hyperalgesia. Our objectives were to determine if trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in rats leads to visceral/somatic hypersensitivity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200g-250g) were treated with 20 mg of TNBS in 50% ethanol (n=40) or an equivalent volume of ethanol (n=40) or saline (n=25) via the colon. Colonic distension, Von-Frey, Hargreaves, and tail reflex test were used to evaluate for visceral, mechanical, and thermal sensitivity. The rats demonstrated visceral hypersensitivity at 2-28 days following TNBS (p<0.0001). The ethanol treated rats also demonstrated visceral hypersensitivity that resolved after day 14. TNBS treated rats demonstrated somatic hypersensitivity at days 14-28 (p<0.0001) in response to somatic stimuli of the hind-paw. TNBS colitis is associated with visceral and somatic hypersensitivity in areas of somatotopic overlap. This model of colitis should allow further investigation into the mechanisms of visceral and somatic hypersensitivity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral and Somatic Hypersensitivity in TNBS-Induced Colitis in Rats

et al. 2007

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“…10 Bladder activity is also mediated by a spinal micturition re¯ex pathway. 11 This re¯ex arc is weak or absent in adult animals with intact nervous systems but may become prominent in animals following a spinal cord injury above the lumbosacral segment. In animals, as in humans, transaction of the spinal cord rostral to the lumbosacral segment produces acutely an are¯exic bladder and complete urinary retention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urodynamic assessment during intravesical infusion of capsaicin for the treatment of refractory detrusor hyperreflexia

Lazzeri

Spinelli²,

Beneforti

et al. 1999

Spinal Cord

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Purpose: Parameters to predict outcome and the urodynamic e ects during infusion of capsaicin, seem not to have been assessed in patients with chronic cord injury. We monitored bladder activity urodynamically during infusion of high dosage of capsaicin. Material and methods: Thirty patients, 18 women and 12 men (average age 29 years, range 20 ± 59 years), su ering from chronic spinal myelopathy, who presented a refractory detrusor hyperre¯exia, were studied. They received saline solution containing 10 73 M capsaicin at ā ow rate of 2 ml min 71 for 15 min (total volume 30 c.c.). The detrusor activity was monitored by a real-time cystometrogram during infusion and 15 min after the end of the infusion itself. New ®lling cystometrograms were recorded after 30 days and after 6 months. Results: We obtained a clinical and signi®cant urodynamic improvement in 15 of the 30 patients (50%), con®rming that intravesical capsaicin may represent a therapeutic option for a selected group of patients su ering from refractory detrusor hyperre¯exia due to chronic spinal upper motor neuron lesion. Best results were observed in patients who showed, during the infusion of capsaicin, early uninhibited bladder contractions which disappeared within 10 ± 12 min from the beginning of the infusion (desensitisation). The patients of this group presented a signi®cant increase of mean cystomanometric capacity after 6 months (from 190.7 to 396.7 ml). No signi®cant clinical or urodynamic improvement was observed in the group of patients in whom uninhibited activity of detrusor was recorded for all the time of infusion. Conclusion: Our results support the idea of a major complexity of spinal re¯ex in paraplegic patients and may o er a clue to explain the failure of therapy with capsaicin. The present results support a new approach in the treatment of detrusor hyperre¯exia. The ideal dosage and treatment interval are not at present established and further studies are needed to explain substantial di erences in the outcome according to di erent urodynamic responses.

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“…In the past years, by means of different techniques, branching of sensory axons in the peripheral nerve of the rat and the cat (Bahr et al, 1981) as well as the convergency of different nerve fibers into spinal sensory neurons have been demonstrated (de Groat et al, 1980;Pierau et al, 1982;. Furthermore, van der Werf et al (1996), by means of double retro-grade fluorescent tracing technique used to study the innervation of the cynomolgous monkey palpebra conjunctiva and superior tarsal muscle, have found double labeled neurons in the trigeminal and in the superior cervical ganglia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory and Autonomic Neurons Project Both to the Smooth Retractor Penis and to the Striated Bulbospongiosus Muscles. Neurochemical Features of the Sympathetic Subset

Botti

Gazza

Ragionieri

et al. 2012

The Anatomical Record

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Aim of the present study was to verify, by means of double retrograde neuronal tracers technique, the hypothesis that a subpopulation of sensory and autonomic neurons send collateral axons to both smooth and striated genital muscles. We also wanted to define the neurochemical content of the eventually retrogradelly double labeled (RDL) neurons in the sympathetic trunk ganglia (STG). We used six intact pigs and we injected the tracer Diamidino Yellow (DY) in the smooth left retractor penis muscle (RPM) and the tracer Fast Blue (FB) in the striated left bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM). Rare (2 6 0.6) RDL neurons were found in the ipsilateral S2 spinal ganglion (SG), 220 6 42 in the ipsilateral STGs, from L3 to S3, 19 6 15 in the contralateral S1-S2 ones and 22 6 5 in the bilateral caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMG). The RDL neurons of the STG were IR for TH (85 6 13%), DbH (69 6 17%), NPY (69 6 23%), nNOS (60 6 11%), LENK (54 6 19%), VIP (53626%), SOM (40 6 8%), CGRP (34 6 12%), SP (31 6 16%), and VAChT (28 6 3%). Our research highlights the presence of sensory and sympathetic neurons with qualitatively different neurochemical content sending axons both to the smooth RPM and to the striated BSM of the pig. These RDL neurons are likely to project to the smooth vasal musculature to create the ideal physiological conditions in which these muscles can optimize the erectile function.

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Organization of the sacral parasympathetic reflex pathways to the urinary bladder and large intestine

Cited by 457 publications

References 46 publications

Visceral and Somatic Hypersensitivity in TNBS-Induced Colitis in Rats

Visceral and Somatic Hypersensitivity in TNBS-Induced Colitis in Rats

Urodynamic assessment during intravesical infusion of capsaicin for the treatment of refractory detrusor hyperreflexia

Sensory and Autonomic Neurons Project Both to the Smooth Retractor Penis and to the Striated Bulbospongiosus Muscles. Neurochemical Features of the Sympathetic Subset

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