Organization of cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic and orexinergic nuclei in three strepsirrhine primates: Galago demidoff , Perodicticus potto and Lemur catta

Abstract

The nuclear organization of the cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic and orexinergic systems in the brains of three species of strepsirrhine primates is presented. We aimed to investigate the nuclear complement of these neural systems in comparison to those of simian primates, megachiropterans and other mammalian species. The brains were coronally sectioned and immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin and orexin-A. The nuclei identified were identical among the strepsirrhine species investigated and identical to previous reports in simian primates. Moreover, a general similarity to other mammals was found, but specific differences in the nuclear complement highlighted potential phylogenetic interrelationships. The central feature of interest was the structure of the locus coeruleus complex in the primates, where a central compactly

The cytoarchitectonic and TH-immunohistochemical characterization of the dopamine cell groups in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field in a bat (Artibeus planirostris)

“…Our results revealed that A8, A9, and A10 dopaminergic nuclei in A. planirostris are similar to the patterns described in other mammals, suggesting that these nuclei have strong phylogenetical stability among mammalian species (Calvey et al, 2015a;Calvey et al, 2015b;Calvey et al, 2016). On the other hand, our study demonstrated the occurrence of unique anatomical features in bats for the first time, such as the tSN and a conspicuous SNR.…”

Cholinergic profiles in the Goettingen miniature pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) brain

“…More caudally, large multipolar ChAT-ir neurons were located in the striatum of the miniature pig similar to other mammals (Sofroniew et al, 1982; Armstrong et al, 1983; Mesulam et al, 1984; Satoh and Fibiger, 1985; Mufson and Cunningham, 1988; Mufson et al, 1989; Woolf, 1991; Geula et al, 1993; Varga et al, 2003; Maseko et al, 2007; Bhagwandin et al, 2008; Limacher et al, 2008; Gravett et al, 2009; Bux et al, 2010; Kruger et al, 2010; Pieters et al, 2010; Bajo et al, 2014; Patzke et al, 2014; Calvey et al, 2015a, 2015b, 2016; Dell et al, 2010, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c). The major source of cholinergic striatal innervation is the large aspiny interneurons that comprise 1% of striatal neurons (Woolf and Butcher, 1981; Graveland and DiFiglia, 1985), which regulate intrastriatal local circuit activity (Galarraga et al, 1999; Koós and Tepper, 2002).…”

“…The olfactory tubercle of the miniature pig contained ChAT-ir neurons and fibers as described in other mammals (McGeer et al, 1982; Armstrong et al, 1983; Wahle and Meyer, 1986; Woolf, 1991; Varga et al, 2003; Maseko et al., 2007; Bhagwandin et al, 2008; Limacher et al, 2008; Gravett et al, 2009; Bux et al, 2010; Kruger et al, 2010; Pieters et al, 2010; Patzke et al, 2014; Calvey et al, 2015a, 2015b, 2016; Dell et al, 2010, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c). More caudally, large multipolar ChAT-ir neurons were located in the striatum of the miniature pig similar to other mammals (Sofroniew et al, 1982; Armstrong et al, 1983; Mesulam et al, 1984; Satoh and Fibiger, 1985; Mufson and Cunningham, 1988; Mufson et al, 1989; Woolf, 1991; Geula et al, 1993; Varga et al, 2003; Maseko et al, 2007; Bhagwandin et al, 2008; Limacher et al, 2008; Gravett et al, 2009; Bux et al, 2010; Kruger et al, 2010; Pieters et al, 2010; Bajo et al, 2014; Patzke et al, 2014; Calvey et al, 2015a, 2015b, 2016; Dell et al, 2010, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c).…”

“…These neurons share the magnocellular hyperchromic morphology observed in other mammals (Mesulam et al, 1983a, 1983b; Woolf, 1991; Varga et al, 2003). In rodents, and monotremes (the oldest mammalian group) a homologous NBM/SI cell group is found adjacent to the globus pallidus (Mesulam et al, 1983b; Manger et al, 2002) similar to other mammalian species (Woolf, 1991; Varga et al, 2003; Descarries et al, 2004; Maseko et al, 2007; Bhagwandin et al, 2008; Limacher et al, 2008; Gravett et al, 2009; Bux et al, 2010; Kruger et al, 2010; Pieters et al., 2010; Patzke et al, 2014; Calvey et al, 2015a, 2015b, 2016; Dell et al, 2010, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c; see Table 2). Interestingly, the NBM/SI displays the greatest degree of subfield differentiation in monkeys, great apes (Benzing et al, 1993a) and humans (Gorry, 1963; Mesulam et al, 1983a; Saper and Chelimsky, 1984; Mesulam and Geula, 1988), compared to other mammals (Mesulam et al, 1983b) including the miniature pig (present findings).…”

“…The distribution of cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system has been examined in numerous mammalian species (Armstrong et al, 1983; Mesulam et al, 1983a; Vincent and Reiner, 1987; Everitt et al, 1988; Maley et al, 1988; Mufson and Cunningham, 1988; Kordower et al., 1989; Alonso and Amaral, 1995; Ichikawa et al, 1997; Varga et al, 2003; Maseko and Manger, 2007; Maseko et al, 2007; Bhagwandin et al, 2008; Limacher et al, 2008; Gravett et al, 2009; Bux et al, 2010; Kruger et al, 2010, 2012; Pieters et al, 2010; Calvey et al, 2013; Maseko et al, 2013; Patzke et al, 2014; Calvey et al, 2015a, 2015b, 2016; Dell et al, 2010, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c). These neurons play a key role in complex functions including learning, memory, attention, and sleep (Jouvet, 1972; Kodama and Honda, 1996; Hasselmo and McGaughy, 2004; Atri et al, 2004; Green et al, 2005; Klinkenberg et al, 2011).…”