Organic solute accumulation in osmotically stressed cyanobacteria

Reed, Robert H.; Borowitzka, L. J.; Mackay, Mark A.; Chudek, J. A.; Foster, R.; Warr, S. R. C.; Moore, Deborah J.; Stewart, W. D. P.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01842.x

Cited by 194 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Cyanobacteria that are able to grow in high-salt-concentration environments maintain their cell turgor by accumulation of potassium ions and by the synthesis and accumulation of low mo1 wt organic osmoprotectants. Thus, freshwater cyanobacteria accumulate disaccharides and glucosylglycerol in response to osmotic stress, whereas halotolerant forms accumulate Gly betaine (Blumwald et al, 1983;Mackay et al, 1984;Reed et al, 1986 accumulated by a wide range of organisms including bacteria, higher plants, and animals (Galinski and Truper, 1982;Csonka and Hanson, 1991;Garcia-Perez and Burg, 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 Transformed with Escherichia coli bet Genes Produces Glycine Betaine from Choline and Acquires Resistance to Salt Stress

Nomura

Ishitani²,

Takabe³

et al. 1995

Plant Physiol.

115

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 Transformed with Escherichia coli bet Genes Produces Glycine Betaine from Choline and Acquires Resistance to Salt Stress

Nomura

Ishitani²,

Takabe³

et al. 1995

Plant Physiol.

115

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“…Calothrix, Scytonema, Oscillatoria, Plectonema, Synechococcus, Anabaena, and Nostoc (Reed et al, 1984;Page-Sharp et al, 1999). It is often synthesized in these organisms in response to salt or osmotic stress and is thought to help maintain osmotic balance and stabilize protein and membrane structure and function (Reed and Stewart, 1985;Reed et al, 1986;Hagemann and Marin, 1999). Porchia and Salerno (1996) reported the first measurements of Suc-P synthase (SPS) and Suc-phosphatase (SPP) activity in cyanobacteria, in Nostoc sp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evolution of Sucrose Synthesis

Lunn

2002

Plant Physiology

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Cyanobacteria and proteobacteria (purple bacteria) are the only prokaryotes known to synthesize sucrose (Suc). Suc-P synthase, Suc-phosphatase (SPP), and Suc synthase activities have previously been detected in several cyanobacteria, and genes coding for Suc-P synthase (sps) and Suc synthase (sus) have been cloned from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Anabaena (Nostoc) spp., respectively. An open reading frame in the Synechocystis genome encodes a predicted 27-kD polypeptide that shows homology to the maize (Zea mays) SPP. Heterologous expression of this putative spp gene in Escherichia coli, reported here, confirmed that this open reading frame encodes a functional SPP enzyme. The Synechocystis SPP is highly specific for Suc-6 F -P (K m ϭ 7.5 m) and is Mg 2ϩ dependent (K a ϭ 70 m), with a specific activity of 46 mol min Ϫ1 mg Ϫ1 protein. Like the maize SPP, the Synechocystis SPP belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily of phosphatases/hydrolases. Searches of sequenced microbial genomes revealed homologs of the Synechocystis sps gene in several other cyanobacteria (Nostoc punctiforme, Prochlorococcus marinus strains MED4 and MIT9313, and Synechococcus sp. WH8012), and in three proteobacteria (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Magnetococcus sp. MC1, and Nitrosomonas europaea). Homologs of the Synechocystis spp gene were found in Magnetococcus sp. MC1 and N. punctiforme, and of the Anabaena sus gene in N. punctiforme and N. europaea. From analysis of these sequences, it is suggested that Suc synthesis originated in the proteobacteria or a common ancestor of the proteobacteria and cyanobacteria.

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“…The activities were remained high at more alkaline pH but decreased sharply at the acidic side of the optimal pH. NaCl and KCl were two important salts for A. halophytica (14,20). NaCl and KCl inhibited the methylation reactions of ApGSMT and ApDMT with different patterns (Fig.…”

Section: Cloning Of Methyltransferase Genes From a Halophytica-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Betaine synthesis from simple carbon sources has also been suggested in aerobic heterotrophic eubacterium Actinopolyspora halophila (13) and halotolerant cyanobacterium of Aphanothece halophytica (14). Recently, the methyltransferase genes that are involved in betaine synthesis have been isolated from E. halochloris and A. halophila (15).…”

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Isolation and Functional Characterization ofN-Methyltransferases That Catalyze Betaine Synthesis from Glycine in a Halotolerant Photosynthetic Organism Aphanothece halophytica

Waditee¹,

Tanaka²,

Aoki³

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

116

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Glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) is an important osmoprotectant and is synthesized in response to abiotic stresses. Although almost all known biosynthetic pathways of betaine are two-step oxidation of choline, here we isolated two N-methyltransferase genes from a halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica. The most known biosynthetic pathways of betaine are the two-step oxidation of choline. Many bacteria, plants, and animals accumulate glycine betaine (here after betaine) under abiotic stress conditions (1-3). In these organisms, it was shown that betaine is synthesized by two steps, choline 3 betaine aldehyde 3 glycine betaine. The enzyme involved in the second step seems to be the same in plants, animals, and bacteria, namely NAD ϩ -dependent betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (4 -6). By contrast, different enzymes are involved for the first step. In plants, it was catalyzed by a novel Rieske-type iron-sulfur enzyme choline monooxygenase (7,8). In animals and many bacteria, the first step is catalyzed by membranebound choline dehydrogenase or soluble choline oxidase (9 -11). In some bacteria, choline dehydrogenase and choline oxidase also catalyze the second oxidation step (9 -11).It was suggested that betaine might be synthesized from glycine by a series of methylation reactions in archaebacterium Methanohalophilus portucalensis (12) and anaerobic phototrophic sulfur bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halochloris (13). Betaine synthesis from simple carbon sources has also been suggested in aerobic heterotrophic eubacterium Actinopolyspora halophila (13) and halotolerant cyanobacterium of Aphanothece halophytica (14). Recently, the methyltransferase genes that are involved in betaine synthesis have been isolated from E. halochloris and A. halophila (15). Two methyltransferase genes were involved in E. halochloris. One of gene products catalyzed the methylation reactions of glycine and sarcosine to sarcosine and dimethylglycine, respectively (EcGSMT), 1 whereas the other one catalyzed the methylations of sarcosine and dimethylglycine to dimethylglycine and betaine, respectively (EcSDMT) (15,16). By contrast, one ORF was found in A. halophila of which the N-and C-terminal parts had homologous sequences to those of EcGSMT and EcSDMT, respectively (15). The functionality of A. halophila methyltransferase was not well shown due to the formation of cell pellet when expressed in Escherichia coli.Glycine N-methyltransferase (GMT) catalyzing the methylation of glycine to sarcosine is known in mammalian cells although the enzymes catalyzing the further methylation steps do not occur (17,18). The homology of amino acid sequences between mammalian GMT and EcGSMT was low. No homologous sequences to those of EcGSMT, EcSDMT, and A. halophila methyltransferase could be found. Therefore, it was interesting to examine whether betaine is synthesized from glycine by three-step methylation reactions in other organisms.

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Organic solute accumulation in osmotically stressed cyanobacteria

Cited by 194 publications

References 29 publications

Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 Transformed with Escherichia coli bet Genes Produces Glycine Betaine from Choline and Acquires Resistance to Salt Stress

Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 Transformed with Escherichia coli bet Genes Produces Glycine Betaine from Choline and Acquires Resistance to Salt Stress

Evolution of Sucrose Synthesis

Isolation and Functional Characterization ofN-Methyltransferases That Catalyze Betaine Synthesis from Glycine in a Halotolerant Photosynthetic Organism Aphanothece halophytica

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