Organic photovoltaics: Potential fate and effects in the environment

Zimmermann, Yannick-Serge; Schäffer, Andreas; Hugi, Christoph; Fent, Karl; Corvini, Philippe F.-X.; Lenz, Markus

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.015

Cited by 47 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Common deposition solvents (i.e., CF, CB, and o DCB) and solvent additives (i.e., DIO, and 1CN) are both toxic and energy intensive to synthesize; the use of “greener” solvents and additives with lower toxicity and sustainable manufacture is preferable . However, environmentally benign solvents and additives are typically nonaromatic and polar in nature, and thus are less likely to be good solvents for current OPV materials.…”

Section: Future Of Solvent Additive Processing In Organic Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent Additives: Key Morphology‐Directing Agents for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells

et al. 2018

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Organic photovoltaics (OPV) have the advantage of possible fabrication by energy-efficient and cost-effective deposition methods, such as solution processing. Solvent additives can provide fine control of the active layer morphology of OPVs by influencing film formation during solution processing. As such, solvent additives form a versatile method of experimental control for improving organic solar cell device performance. This review provides a brief history of solution-processed bulk heterojunction OPVs and the advent of solvent additives, putting them into context with other methods available for morphology control. It presents the current understanding of how solvent additives impact various mechanisms of phase separation, enabled by recent advances in in situ morphology characterization. Indeed, understanding solvent additives' effects on film formation has allowed them to be applied and combined effectively and synergistically to boost OPV performance. Their success as a morphology control strategy has also prompted the use of solvent additives in related organic semiconductor technologies. Finally, the role of solvent additives in the development of next-generation OPV active layers is discussed. Despite concerns over their environmental toxicity and role in device instability, solvent additives remain relevant morphological directing agents as research interests evolve toward nonfullerene acceptors, ternary blends, and environmentally sustainable solvents.

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Section: Future Of Solvent Additive Processing In Organic Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent Additives: Key Morphology‐Directing Agents for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells

et al. 2018

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“…Hot spots can also occur in individual cells due to non‐uniformities or defects, such as dust particles . Finally, although polymer solar cells do not contain materials with known high toxicity (unlike perovskite solar cells which contain lead) and there is no evidence that they present a significant environmental threat, there are also lots of unknowns about ecotoxicity and environmental fate of cell components and it is necessary to establish regulations regarding their disposal or recycling upon end‐of‐life .…”

Section: Degradation and Stability Issues Of Polymer Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Stability issues of the next generation solar cells

Djurišić

Liu

et al. 2016

Phys. Status Solidi RRL

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Polymer, perovskite, and dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are promising technologies for next generation low cost photovoltaic cells. Among these, perovskite solar cells are the newest technology and have the highest efficiency, while DSSCs are closest to commercialization with several companies producing the DSSC materials and modules and existing DSSC installations. However, all three types of solar cells share a concern about lifetime and stability. For each type of devices, there are specific concerns and degradation mechanisms, and all of the devices require encapsulation and exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to moisture, oxygen, elevated temperature and UV illumination depending on the device structure and materials used. We are discussing the stability and lifetime for each type of cells and future outlook of these technologies. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

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“…2 Diferentes estudios muestran que los componentes electroaceptores con mejores propiedades semiconductoras son los derivados de fullereno, por ser excelentes captadores de electrones, amigables con el ambiente e incrementar la estabilidad de la capa fotoactiva, por tanto, mejoran las propiedades fotovoltaicas de las OSCs del tipo BHJ. 2,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Siendo el éster metílico del ácido [6,6]-fenil-C61-butírico (PC 61 BM) uno de los más promisorios.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Theoretical Characterization and Design of Efficient Photoactive Materials Based on Naphthopyrrole and Naphthothiophene Derivatives Aimed Towards Organic Solar Cells

Cuadro¹,

Robles²

2016

Química Nova

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. In this research we have designed electron donors D-π-A type containing two different π fragments to obtain naphthopyrrole (D-NPR-A) and naphthotiophene (D-NTP-A) derivatives, proposed for the use in organic bulk hetero-junction (BHJ) solar cells (OSCs). These derivatives were characterized by DFT and TD-DFT calculations. For all the electron donors the anchorage fragment was 2-methylenemalononitrile, while the chromophore fragment was spanned between diphenylamine, triphenylamine, thiophene. Properties affecting open-circuit photovoltage (V OC ) and short-circuit photocurrent (J SC ) from D-π-A type derivatives, such as geometric structure, frontier-molecular orbital energies, exciton driving force energy, natural bond orbital analysis, absorption spectra and light harvesting efficiency. Energy from HOMO and LUMO orbitals was discussed. Theoretical calculations from TD-DFT within Coulumb attenuation method CAM-B3LYP were able to predict excited state properties. The electron donors D-π-A type exhibit photoelectric conversion efficiency above 10%, being the naphthopyrrole derivatives (D-NPR-A) along with the [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM) the complexes with higher photoelectric properties, these complexes are proposed as photoactive materials in the construction of organic bulk hetero-junction solar cells.Keywords: organic solar cell; D-NPR-A derivatives; D-NTP-A derivatives; DFT methods; photoelectric conversion efficiency. INTRODUCCIÓNCon la creciente demanda mundial de energía combinada con el agotamiento de los recursos derivados del petróleo y los riesgos de calentamiento global se ilustra la necesidad urgente de una transición hacia fuentes alternativas de energía renovable.1 Siendo las celdas solares orgánicas (OSCs) libres de metales una potencial alternativa "verde" para la generación de energía eléctrica, ya que estas son comercialmente atractivas por su bajo costo de fabricación, semitransparentes, bajo peso, flexibilidad física, fácil integración, producción continua utilizando herramientas de impresión y su desempeño relativamente bueno en presencia de luz solar difusa, además este tipo de celdas son sostenibles y amigables con el ambiente. [1][2][3][4][5] Recientemente, las celdas solares orgánicas (OSC) han surgido como una nueva tecnología emergente para competir con las celdas solares tradicionales basadas en Silicio.2,6,7 Para llevar esta tecnología a una gran escala y hacerla comercialmente viable es necesario alcanzar una eficiencia de conversión fotoeléctrica (PCE) superior al 10% y garantizar un tiempo de vida útil de 10 años (mayor estabilidad fotoquímica). 8-11La capa fotoactiva de las OSCs se constituye por dos componentes, uno electrodonador (D) y otro electroaceptor (A), ensamblados generalmente en una estructura bi-capa (tipo wafer) o en forma de mezcla, conocida como heterounión de volumen (BHJ).1,12,13 Las OSCs del tipo BHJ han incrementado en un factor de 10 la PCE respecto a los dispositivos convencionales en forma de bi-capa. 2Diferentes estudios muestran...

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Organic photovoltaics: Potential fate and effects in the environment

Cited by 47 publications

References 176 publications

Solvent Additives: Key Morphology‐Directing Agents for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells

Solvent Additives: Key Morphology‐Directing Agents for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells

Stability issues of the next generation solar cells

Theoretical Characterization and Design of Efficient Photoactive Materials Based on Naphthopyrrole and Naphthothiophene Derivatives Aimed Towards Organic Solar Cells

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