Organic Matrix of Enamel and Dentin and Developmental Defects

Abstract

The anatomical crown of the tooth is covered by enamel and root is covered by cementum. The dentin forms the major part of the tooth. The dentin structure is very similar to that of the bone both physically and chemically which is why many scientists have wondered about using its properties for developing a novel bone graft material. In contrast with hard and brittle enamel dentin is viscoelastic. The organic structure of dentin which is about 35% is composed of mainly type I collagen embedded in mucopolysaccharides ground substance. Approximately half of the non-collagenous composition consists of hyperphosphorylated proteins. The acidic glycoproteins, Gla-proteins, serum proteins, proteoglycans etc. composes the remaining part. The dentin matrix consists of many similar proteins as that of bone like dentin phosphoprotein, dentin sialoprotein etc.. The matrix also consists of many growth factors. Any external disturbance like an infection, trauma, calcium or phosphorous metabolic changes can lead to defective amelogenesis. Mutational changes can lead to defect in dentin. An early diagnosis can result in a satisfactory treatment plan contributing to functional and esthetical compensation.

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Microscopy Study of Human Dental Tissues

“…The average size of HAP is larger in enamel than dentine, which makes the former more calcified. In addition, enamel contains 95% inorganic material, 1% organic material, and 4% water by weight percentage, whereas dentin is composed of 70% inorganic material, 2% organic material, and 10% water by weight percentage [28][29][30]. Hence, the compositional analysis revealed that enamel has a lower concentration of water and higher mineral content (than dentin) which makes it difficult to ablate.…”

A review of near infrared spectroscopic features of teeth, bone and artificial hydroxyapatite

“…Enamel comprises 96% inorganic material with the remaining 4% attributed to organic material and water. 10,50 Proteins make up 1%-2% of enamel's total composition. 10,50 Dentine composition resembles that of bone: it consists of 65% inorganic compounds and 35% organic materials and water.…”

Clinical Implementation of Comprehending Dentin on a Microscopic Level

“…Tooth enamel is a complex mineralized tissue consists of 96 % inorganic and 4 % organic and water content, comprising of long and parallel apatite crystals configured into decussating enamel rods (Pandya & Diekwisch, 2019). On the other hand, dentin is a more complex dental substrate consists of 70 % inorganic phase in which carbonated calcium phosphate micro-crystals are located within an organic matrix that forms 20 % of dentin, the remainder 10 % is water (Lee et al, 2022).…”