Organic light emitting diodes: Energy saving lighting technology—A review

Kalyani, N. Thejo; Dhoble, S.J.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.021

Cited by 557 publications

(275 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…In fact, thermal evaporation is a PVD technique that has shown great potential for organic material deposition and has been widely applied to deposit small organic molecules for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). 10 Conventionally, the deposition of high molecular weight polymers using PVD techniques is challenging because the physical processes (e.g., heating, ion-bombardment, electronbeam bombardment, or laser ablation) to evaporate pure, organic materials in the gas phase can degrade the materials. This issue is especially problematic for polymer film deposition because, in contrast to small organic molecules, it is easier to break the long chains that are characteristic of polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion-Based RIR-MAPLE Deposition of Conjugated Polymers: Primary Solvent Effect and Its Implications on Organic Solar Cell Performance

McCormick

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Emulsion-based, resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE) has been demonstrated as an alternative technique to deposit conjugated polymer films for photovoltaic applications; yet, a fundamental understanding of how the emulsion target characteristics translate into film properties and solar cell performance is unclear. Such understanding is crucial to enable the rational improvement of organic solar cell (OSC) efficiency and to realize the expected advantages of emulsionbased RIR-MAPLE for OSC fabrication. In this paper, the effect of the primary solvent used in the emulsion target is studied, both experimentally and theoretically, and it is found to determine the conjugated polymer cluster size in the emulsion as well as surface roughness and internal morphology of resulting polymer films. By using a primary solvent with low solubility-in-water and low vapor pressure, the surface roughness of deposited P3HT and PCPDTBT polymer films was reduced to 10 nm, and the efficiency of P3HT:PC 61 BM OSCs was increased to 3.2% (∼100 times higher compared to the first MAPLE OSC demonstration [Caricato, A. P.; et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100, 073306]). This work unveils the mechanism of polymer film formation using emulsion-based RIR-MAPLE and provides insight and direction to determine the best ways to take advantage of the emulsion target approach to control film properties for different applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion-Based RIR-MAPLE Deposition of Conjugated Polymers: Primary Solvent Effect and Its Implications on Organic Solar Cell Performance

McCormick

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Tunable chemical synthesis methods have allowed for control over electronic band-gap structure, optical properties, and electro-chemical redox at the molecular level [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] for the production of π-conjugated small molecules, oligomers, and polymers with optical and electronic properties suitable for a variety of applications of OSCs [43][44][45][46][47][53][54][55][56]. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) [38,57,58] and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) [59][60][61], for instance, form the foundation of organic electronic circuits, and OLEDS now provide low operating voltage for efficient lighting and displays used in our everyday lives [62]. Advanced OLED systems have also utilized many advanced materials including organic molecules [63], quantum dots [64], carbon nanotubes [65], nanowires [66], and single atoms [67] or molecules [68][69][70][71].…”

Section: Organic Semiconductor Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospinning for nano- to mesoscale photonic structures

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The fabrication of photonic and electronic structures and devices has directed the manufacturing industry for the last 50 years. Currently, the majority of small-scale photonic devices are created by traditional microfabrication techniques that create features by processes such as lithography and electron or ion beam direct writing. Microfabrication techniques are often expensive and slow. In contrast, the use of electrospinning (ES) in the fabrication of microand nano-scale devices for the manipulation of photons and electrons provides a relatively simple and economic viable alternative. ES involves the delivery of a polymer solution to a capillary held at a high voltage relative to the fiber deposition surface. Electrostatic force developed between the collection plate and the polymer promotes fiber deposition onto the collection plate. Issues with ES fabrication exist primarily due to an instability region that exists between the capillary and collection plate and is characterized by chaotic motion of the depositing polymer fiber. Material limitations to ES also exist; not all polymers of interest are amenable to the ES process due to process dependencies on molecular weight and chain entanglement or incompatibility with other polymers and overall process compatibility. Passive and active electronic and photonic fibers fabricated through the ES have great potential for use in light generation and collection in optical and electronic structures/ devices. ES produces fiber devices that can be combined with inorganic, metallic, biological, or organic materials for novel device design. Synergistic material selection and postprocessing techniques are also utilized for broad-ranging applications of organic nanofibers that span from biological to electronic, photovoltaic, or photonic. As the ability to electrospin optically and/or electronically active materials in a controlled manner continues to improve, the complexity and diversity of devices fabricated from this process can be expected to grow rapidly and provide an alternative to traditional resource-intensive fabrication techniques.

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“…An example is solid-state lightning [5][6][7], which holds great promise as an energy-efficient light source. Another example is the use of OLEDs for full color displays [8,9], which requires red, green and blue emitters of high color purity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-doped, blue-emitting, color-stable, organic light-emitting diode based on 2,2′:6′,2″-ternaphthalene

et al. 2014

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A novel non-doped blue-emitting material, 2,2 0 :6 0 ,2 00 -ternaphthalene (NNN), which is based on three naphthalene units forming a rodlike molecule, has been synthesized and characterized. Organic light-emitting diodes based on NNN as emitter exhibit blue emission with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage color coordinates of x = 0.18 and y = 0.11. In addition, the morphology and crystallographic structure of the NNN thin films has been investigated. NNN deposited on poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy) thiophene]:poly (styrene sulfonate) on Indium Tin Oxide-covered glass forms crystalline structures of high crystallographic quality. The molecules are aligned almost perpendicular to the substrate surface and exhibit a tilt angle of 23 .

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Organic light emitting diodes: Energy saving lighting technology—A review

Cited by 557 publications

References 152 publications

Emulsion-Based RIR-MAPLE Deposition of Conjugated Polymers: Primary Solvent Effect and Its Implications on Organic Solar Cell Performance

Emulsion-Based RIR-MAPLE Deposition of Conjugated Polymers: Primary Solvent Effect and Its Implications on Organic Solar Cell Performance

Electrospinning for nano- to mesoscale photonic structures

Non-doped, blue-emitting, color-stable, organic light-emitting diode based on 2,2′:6′,2″-ternaphthalene

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