Organic electronics for precise delivery of neurotransmitters to modulate mammalian sensory function

Simon, Daniel T.; Kurup, Sindhulakshmi; Larsson, Karin C.; Hori, Ryusuke; Tybrandt, Klas; Goiny, Michel; Jager, Edwin; Berggren, Magnus; Canlon, Barbara; Richter‐Dahlfors, Agneta

doi:10.1038/nmat2494

Cited by 324 publications

(321 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…When hydroxide ions are transported from the emitter into the junction the proton concentration decreases together with IC. We have recently shown that organic conducting materials can be used in vitro and in vivo to translate electric signals into precise delivery of positively charged chemical messengers 2,[23][24] . To evaluate if the present npn-IBJT can be used in a corresponding manner, i.e.…”

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confidence: 99%

Toward Complementary Ionic Circuits: The npn Ion Bipolar Junction Transistor

2011

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Many biomolecules are charged and may therefore be transported with ionic currents. As a step toward addressable ionic delivery circuits, we report on the development of a npn ion bipolar junction transistor (npn-IBJT) as an active control element of anionic currents in general, and specifically, demonstrate actively modulated delivery of the neurotransmitter glutamic acid. The functional materials of this transistor are ion exchange layers and conjugated polymers. The npn-IBJT shows stable transistor characteristics over extensive time of operation and ion current switch times below 10 s. Our results promise complementary chemical circuits similar to the electronic equivalence, which has proven invaluable in conventional electronic applications.

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Toward Complementary Ionic Circuits: The npn Ion Bipolar Junction Transistor

2011

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“…[1][2] One example is organic electronic ion pumps, 15 which are able to precisely control the flow of ions between two reservoirs, and have been used to pump neurotransmitters and stimulate cochlear cells in the inner ear of a guinea pig. [3][4][5] Another example is organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) that are being developed for a variety of biosensing 20 applications, including the detection of ions, [6][7][8] metabolites (such as glucose 9 and lactate 10 ) and antibodies. 11 Originally developed by Wrighton in the 80's, 12 OECTs consist of a conducting polymer film (channel of the transistor) in contact with an electrolyte.…”

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Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

et al. 2010

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We report an enzymatic sensor based on an organic electrochemical transistor that uses a room temperature ionic liquid as an integral part of its structure and as an immobilization medium for the enzyme and the mediator. 10 Although conducting polymer electrodes have been used in biosensing and actuation for decades, recent developments in the field of organic electronics have made available a variety of devices that bring unique capabilities at the interface with biology. 1-2 One example is organic electronic ion pumps, 15 which are able to precisely control the flow of ions between two reservoirs, and have been used to pump neurotransmitters and stimulate cochlear cells in the inner ear of a guinea pig. [3][4][5] Another example is organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) that are being developed for a variety of biosensing 20 applications, including the detection of ions, 6-8 metabolites (such as glucose 9 and lactate 10 ) and antibodies. 11 Originally developed by Wrighton in the 80's, 12 OECTs consist of a conducting polymer film (channel of the transistor) in contact with an electrolyte. A gate electrode is 25 immersed in the electrolyte, while source and drain electrodes make contact to the channel and allow a measurement of its conductance. 13 A polymer that is commonly used in OECTs is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). In a typical experiment, a positive 30 potential is applied at the gate electrode, which causes cations from the electrolyte to enter the PEDOT:PSS film and dedope it, causing a decrease in its conductance. This manifests itself as a change in the current that flows between the source and drain electrodes. 13 35 OECTs exhibit a typical feature associated with transistors, namely a small current at the gate electrode can cause a large change in the current that flows in the channel, and as such it has been used to amplify biological signals. The gate electrode, for example, can be used as a "working electrode", 40 and the current that flows in it as a result of a redox reaction can be amplified by the OECT. This amplification manifests itself by the fact that the sensor's sensitivity increases with gate voltage, 14 and leads to devices that require very simple electronics for signal readout. Zhu et al. took advantage of 45 this fact to demonstrate a simple sensor for glucose in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 9 The sensor consisted of a PEDOT:PSS OECT with a Pt gate electrode and with the redox enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) dissolved in the electrolyte (PBS). This work was extended to demonstrate 50 sensors that work down to the micromolar concentration range, 14 can be made entirely out of polymers by using an appropriate mediator, 15 and operate with other redox enzymes, allowing the development of multianalyte sensors. 10 In In this communication, we report an enzymatic sensor based on an OECT that uses a RTIL as an integral part of its structure. The strategy we follow involves patterning the 75 RTIL over the active area of ...

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“…Silicon nanowire and carbon nanotube transistors integrated with enzymes, antibodies, and lipid bilayers use ions to gate electronic currents and record biological reactions in the intracellular and extracellular space 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Organic polymers with mixed electronic and ionic conductivity integrated in electrodes and electrochemical transistors transduce ionic to electronic currents and amplify small biological signals3, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 In addition, organic iontronics locally deliver ions and neurotransmitters in the extracellular space to affect cell and tissue function 23, 24, 25, 26. Batteries with biocompatible materials are used for giving energy to these systems 27.…”

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Taking Electrons out of Bioelectronics: From Bioprotonic Transistors to Ion Channels

et al. 2017

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From cell‐to‐cell communication to metabolic reactions, ions and protons (H+) play a central role in many biological processes. Examples of H+ in action include oxidative phosphorylation, acid sensitive ion channels, and pH dependent enzymatic reactions. To monitor and control biological reactions in biology and medicine, it is desirable to have electronic devices with ionic and protonic currents. Here, we summarize our latest efforts on bioprotonic devices that monitor and control a current of H+ in physiological conditions, and discuss future potential applications. Specifically, we describe the integration of these devices with enzymatic logic gates, bioluminescent reactions, and ion channels.

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Organic electronics for precise delivery of neurotransmitters to modulate mammalian sensory function

Cited by 324 publications

References 34 publications

Toward Complementary Ionic Circuits: The npn Ion Bipolar Junction Transistor

Toward Complementary Ionic Circuits: The npn Ion Bipolar Junction Transistor

Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

Taking Electrons out of Bioelectronics: From Bioprotonic Transistors to Ion Channels

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