Taking Electrons out of Bioelectronics: From Bioprotonic Transistors to Ion Channels

Strakosas, Xenofon; Selberg, John; Hemmatian, Zahra; Rolandi, Marco

doi:10.1002/advs.201600527

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…Proton Conductivity Measurements. Palladium (Pd) devices are useful for studying proton transport in materials due to the nature of Pd to reversibly form palladium hydride (PdHx) (24)(25)(26)(27). Several mechanisms for the formation of PdHx are known (equations 1-4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton Conductivity of Glycosaminoglycans

Rolandi

Selberg

Jia

2018

Preprint

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Proton (H+) conductivity is important in many natural phenomena including oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and archea, uncoupling membrane potentials by the antibiotic Gramicidin, and proton actuated bioluminescence in dinoflagellate. In all of these phenomena, the conduction of H+ occurs along chains of hydrogen bonds between water and hydrophilic residues. These chains of hydrogen bonds are also present in many hydrated biopolymers and macromolecule including collagen, keratin, chitosan, and various proteins such as reflectin. All of these materials are also proton conductors. Recently, our group has discovered that the jelly found in the Ampullae of Lorenzini-shark’s electrosensing organs- is the highest naturally occurring proton conducting substance. The jelly has a complex composition, but we attributed the conductivity to the glycosaminoglycan keratan sulfate (KS). Here, we have measured the proton conductivity of hydrated keratan sulfate using PdHx contacts to be 0.50 ± 0.11 mS cm -1- consistent to that of Ampullae of Lorenzini jelly, 2 ± 1 mS cm -1. Proton conductivity, albeit with lower values, is also shared by other glycosaminoglycans with similar chemical structures including dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. This observation confirms the structure property relationship between proton conductivity and the chemical structure of biopolymers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton Conductivity of Glycosaminoglycans

Rolandi

Selberg

Jia

2018

Preprint

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“…The transistor configurations commonly used with cephalopod‐derived biopolymers possess some design limitations and thus constitute another significant obstacle. For example, devices with “proton‐transparent” palladium hydride electrodes, which transduce protonic currents into electronic currents, have proven invaluable for the exploration of melanins', chitosans', and reflectins' intrinsic conductivities . However, the utility of such devices is constrained by the practical limitations of the palladium hydride contacts, such as difficult‐to‐control chemical compositions and potentially poor long‐term stability (after exposure to hydrogen gas) .…”

Section: Discussion and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, devices with “proton‐transparent” palladium hydride electrodes, which transduce protonic currents into electronic currents, have proven invaluable for the exploration of melanins', chitosans', and reflectins' intrinsic conductivities . However, the utility of such devices is constrained by the practical limitations of the palladium hydride contacts, such as difficult‐to‐control chemical compositions and potentially poor long‐term stability (after exposure to hydrogen gas) . Moreover, the charge transfer mechanisms and electrochemical reactivity at protonic transistors' biopolymer/palladium hydride interfaces are likely critically dependent on the active material and certain to be exceedingly complicated .…”

Section: Discussion and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cephalopod‐Derived Biopolymers for Ionic and Protonic Transistors

et al. 2018

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Cephalopods (e.g., squid, octopuses, and cuttlefish) have long fascinated scientists and the general public alike due to their complex behavioral characteristics and remarkable camouflage abilities. As such, these animals are explored as model systems in neuroscience and represent a well-known commercial resource. Herein, selected literature examples related to the electrical properties of cephalopod-derived biopolymers (eumelanins, chitosans, and reflectins) and to the use of these materials in voltage-gated devices (i.e., transistors) are highlighted. Moreover, some potential future directions and challenges in this area are described, with the aim of inspiring additional research effort on ionic and protonic transistors from cephalopod-derived biopolymers.

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“…These devices leverage PdH x electrodes, which act as a source or sink of H + (when the device is maintained in a H 2 ‐rich atmosphere), and thus represent a straightforward tool for investigating and characterizing purely protonic currents. The use of PdH x ‐based “protonics” is described in detail by Strakosas et al in their recent review article.…”

Section: Iontronic Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Decade of Iontronic Delivery Devices

Sjöström

Berggren

Gabrielsson

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Technologies

113

102

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comprises materials and devices that can fulfill just this dual ionic-electronic capability. Iontronics utilize the coupling of electrical and ionic signals in conducing polymers, leading to, for example, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), [2] electrolyte-gated (also known as electric doublelayer capacitor-gated) organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs), [3,4] organic electrochemical biosensors, [5,6] and iontronic delivery electrodes and devices. [7][8][9][10][11] In iontronic delivery devices (Figure 1), chemical gradients are created by controlled release of charged biomolecules (ions) at specific locations at specific times. [7,8,12] Ions are transported to these release sites through ionic conductors due to applied electric fields between electrodes. The ionic conductors form the foundation of iontronic resistors (organic electronic ion pumps, OEIPs), diodes, and transistors which can be combined into circuits for, for example, multiplexing, addressing, and signal processing. These iontronic circuits behave analogous to traditional electronics, but use ions as charge carriers rather than electrons, and allow for the development of fully chemical systems generating complex signal patterns at high spatiotemporal resolution and biochemical specificity.There are several other techniques for electronic control of substance release, drug delivery, or ion transport related to this form of iontronics. These include techniques such as microfluidic and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based micropumps, [13] iontophoresis, [14,15] and organic electronic redox-mediated controlled release. [11,16] In comparison to these technologies, iontronic drug delivery provides a means of simultaneously achieving high delivery precision, minimal (or zero) liquid transport that could interfere with fragile biochemical microenvironments, continuous resupply of the transported substance, and (in principle) exact control over delivered amounts, even at speeds on par with synaptic signaling. In addition, as they are based on well-established solid-state device manufacturing techniques, iontronic components and systems can be miniaturized, addressed, and integrated with complex electronic systems in a straightforward manner. These features of iontronics combine to enable the lowest dose possible. With other techniques for substance release and transport, larger doses are often distributed (usually in solution phase) with less control, which could result in unwanted side effects. Other technologies have their advantages primarily in potentially simpler device design, the ability to transport larger molecules (e.g., In contrast to electronic systems, biology rarely uses electrons as the signal to regulate functions, but rather ions and molecules of varying size. Due to the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes, these materials have emerged as an excellent tool for translating signals between these two realms, hence the field of organic bioelectroni...

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Taking Electrons out of Bioelectronics: From Bioprotonic Transistors to Ion Channels

Cited by 31 publications

References 63 publications

Proton Conductivity of Glycosaminoglycans

Proton Conductivity of Glycosaminoglycans

Cephalopod‐Derived Biopolymers for Ionic and Protonic Transistors

A Decade of Iontronic Delivery Devices

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