Organic donor, acceptor and buffer layers of small molecules prepared by OVPD technique for photovoltaics

Rusu, M.; Wiesner, S.; Mete, T.; Blei, H.; Meyer, Nico; Heuken, M.; Lux‐Steiner, M.; Fostiropoulos, K.

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2007.05.021

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…One issue with these evolutions of tube furnaces is that the organic vapor concentration may vary along the tube length, leading to poor reproducibility and spatial inhomogeneities in the deposition rate . To mitigate these issues, a showerhead-based reactor inspired by organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) setups was designed to deposit hybrid organic–inorganic absorber from MAI and metal halide precursors. , Similar OVPD systems featuring a showerhead have been shown to homogeneously deposit organic materials over large areas. − Furthermore, the deposition rate of each precursor may be advantageously adjusted through their carrier gas flow rate and the deposition localized to the cooled substrates, ensuring a high utilization of materials. Regarding perovskites deposition by OVPD, it is worth noting that evaporating and then avoiding the condensation of lead halides on system parts such as the showerhead require temperatures on the order of 350–400 °C, temperatures that may lead to a degradation of MAI vapors .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vapor Transport Deposition of Methylammonium Iodide for Perovskite Solar Cells

Sahli

Miaz

Salsi

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Vapor-based processes are promising options to deposit metal halide perovskite solar cells in an industrial environment due to their ability to deposit uniform layers over large areas in a controlled environment without resorting to the use of (possibly toxic) solvents. In addition, they yield conformal layers on rough substrates, an important aspect in view of producing perovskite/ crystalline silicon tandem solar cells featuring a textured silicon wafer for light management. While the inorganic precursors of the perovskite are well suited for thermal evaporation in high vacuum, the sublimation of the organic ones is more complex to control due to their high vapor pressure. To tackle this issue, we developed a vapor transport deposition chamber for organohalide deposition that physically dissociates the organic vapor evaporation zone from the deposition chamber. Once evaporated, organic vapors, here methylammonium iodide (MAI), are transported to the deposition chamber by a carrier gas through a showerhead, ensuring a spatially homogeneous conversion of PbI 2 templates to the perovskite phase. The method enables the production of homogeneous perovskite layers on a textured 6 in. wafer. Furthermore, small-scale methylammonium lead iodide solar cells are also processed to validate the quality of the absorbers produced by this hybrid thermal evaporation/vapor transport deposition process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vapor Transport Deposition of Methylammonium Iodide for Perovskite Solar Cells

Sahli

Miaz

Salsi

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…Organic layers of C 60 , SubPc, MgPc, SubPc:C 60 , and MgPc:C 60 were deposited by organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) 26,27 with nitrogen as a carrier gas at a pressure of about 0.6 mbar (setup by AIXTRON). The temperatures of the C 60 , SubPc, and MgPc sources were kept at 436, 330, and 424 C, respectively.…”

Section: A Thin Film Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26,29 The symbols e and e 0 denote the relative dielectric constant and the dielectric constant of vacuum, respectively. The values of d and Q are functions of time (t) and position (x) and depend in a complex way on the generation rate and transport and recombination processes.…”

Section: B Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic transitions and band offsets in C60:SubPc and C60:MgPc on MoO3 studied by modulated surface photovoltage spectroscopy

Fengler

Dittrich

Rusu

2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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Electronic transitions at interfaces between MoO3 layers and organic layers of C60, SubPc, MgPc, and nano-composite layers of SubPc:C60 and MgPc:C60 have been studied by modulated surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy. For all systems, time dependent and modulated SPV signals pointed to dissociation of excitons at the MoO3/organic layer interfaces with a separation of holes towards MoO3. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gaps (EHL) of C60, SubPc, and MgPc and the effective EHL of SubPc:C60 and MgPc:C60 were measured. The offsets between the LUMO (ΔEL) or HOMO (ΔEH) bands were obtained with high precision and amounted to 0.33 or 0.73 eV for SubPc:C60, respectively, and to −0.33 or 0.67 eV for MgPc:C60, respectively. Exponential tails below EHL and most pronounced sub-bandgap transitions were characterized and ascribed to disorder and transitions from HOMO bands to unoccupied defect states.

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“…11 This value matches perfectly the work function value found for ohmic Mg-Ag contacts to C 60 and that of selective Mg-Ag cathodes of solar cells based on CuPc:C 60 or ZnPc:C 60 absorber layers. 12,13 Thus, the as-prepared ZnO-NRs can be directly applied (without any additional surface treatments or use of buffer layers) as cathodes in (Cu or Zn)Pc:C 60 based solar cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Organic materials were deposited by dry organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD V R ) 13,14 which is a diffusion controlled process and thus suitable for deposition of thin films on highly structured surfaces. Nevertheless, cape-like growth of ZnPc:C 60 layers on ZnO-NRs as, for example, in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hybrid solar cells with ZnO-nanorods and dry processed small molecule absorber

Riedel

Wiesner

Greiner

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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We demonstrate hybrid solar cells with ZnO-nanorods (ZnO-NRs) prepared by a low temperature electrochemical method and small molecule organic absorber processed by dry organic vapor phase deposition. A homogeneous coverage of ZnO-NRs by the blend absorber consisting of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) as donor and of fullerene C60 as acceptor is best realized when a thin C60 layer is first inserted at the ZnO-NR/ZnPc:C60 interface. ZnO-NR/C60/ZnPc:C60/MoO3/Ag solar cell devices with efficiencies of 2.8% under an illumination of 100 mW/cm2 at 25 °C are demonstrated.

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Organic donor, acceptor and buffer layers of small molecules prepared by OVPD technique for photovoltaics

Cited by 19 publications

References 8 publications

Vapor Transport Deposition of Methylammonium Iodide for Perovskite Solar Cells

Vapor Transport Deposition of Methylammonium Iodide for Perovskite Solar Cells

Electronic transitions and band offsets in C60:SubPc and C60:MgPc on MoO3 studied by modulated surface photovoltage spectroscopy

Hybrid solar cells with ZnO-nanorods and dry processed small molecule absorber

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