Organic Carbon and Trace Metal Distribution in the Gökçesu Shale: Eocene Basin, Bolu-Turkey

Abstract

Samples collected from the bituminous shales in the Eocene Tokmaklar formation are the material of this study. Distribution of organic material and trace metals in the shale samples and their concentration levels and correlations were evaluated. Organic carbon content of the bituminous shales is between 0.59 and 15.89% (averaging as 4.86%). The type of organic material is 100% amorphous material (kerogen type is Type I and Type II) and it has a potential to produce oil. Trace metal enrichment levels were determined on the basis of average shale concentration in the earth crust. These levels are divided into two groups. Mo (1.98-2.64), Cu (1.27), As (1.59-8.83), and Sr (2.58-2.75) in bituminous rocks show enrichment character while Pb, Zn, Ba, and Co metals do not display any enrichment. Moreover, comparison with the average values of these metals in seawater and living organisms yield enrichment coefficients of 86.17-386.000 (with respect to seawater) and 4.59-1,723.5 (with respect to living organisms).

Kinetics and equilibrium studies of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid adsorption on bituminous shale

“…Bituminous shale is an argillaceous oil shale that contains bitumen, a mixture of hydrocarbons that may be used as fuel [20,21]. Although the oil shales are potentially an important alternative energy source for oil supplement the deposit located in Göynük near Bolu in Turkey is considered to be uneconomic on the basis of oil yield.…”

“…Göynük deposit with reserves estimated 10 9 t is the largest in Turkey having 5 billion tons of oil shale in seven areas of western and central Anatolia [22][23][24]. Currently, researches are directed toward development of alternate uses for oil shale such as the preparation of clean solid fuel, admixture in building industry and adsorbent for waste management [5,20,21,[25][26][27]. Oil shales are sedimentary rocks composed of tightly bounded inorganic and organic materials.…”