Organic alternatives to copper in the control of marine biofouling

Pérez, María Emilia; Stupak, Mirta Elena; Blustein, Guillermo; Garcia, Marie-Carmen; Lindblad, L.

doi:10.1533/9781845696313.3.554

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…4 %(Okamura and Mieno 2006) to 8.2 % and 5.8 % (present JPMA dataset), respectively, their frequency in formulations registered for use. Postulated as antifouling candidates a decade ago(Pérez et al 2009; Thomas and Brooks 2010), pyridine-triphenylborane (PTPB) (4.1%), tralopyril (2.7%) and medetomidine (0.2%) still presented a relatively low frequency of use in the registered formulations. DCOIT (9.3 %) is the fth most frequently registered biocide for use, being increased its frequency of use in comparison to what was previously seen in Japan (10.2 % from Okamura and Mieno (2006) to 15.1 % for the present JPMA dataset).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocides in antifouling paint formulations currently registered for use

Paz-Villarraga

Castro

Fillmann

2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Antifouling paints incorporate biocides in their composition seeking to avoid or minimize the settlement and growing of undesirable fouling organisms. Therefore, biocides are released into the aquatic environments also affecting several non-target organisms and, thus, compromising ecosystems. Despite global efforts to investigate the environment occurrence and toxicity of biocides currently used in antifouling paints, the speci c active ingredients that have been used in commercial products are poorly known. Thus, the present study assessed the frequencies of occurrence and relative concentrations of biocides in antifouling paint formulations registered for marketing worldwide. The main data were obtained from databases of governmental agencies, business associations and safety data sheets from paint manufacturers around the world. Results pointed out for 25 active ingredients currently used as biocides, where up to six biocides have been simultaneously used in the examined formulations. Cuprous oxide, copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, zineb, DCOIT and cuprous thiocyanate were the most frequently ones, with mean relative concentrations of 35.9±12.8 %, 2.9±1.6 %, 4.0±5.3 %, 5.4±2.0 %, 1.9±1.9 % and 18.1±8.0 % (w/w) of respective biocide present in the antifouling paint formulations. Surprisingly, antifouling paints containing TBT as active ingredient are still being registered for commercialization nowadays. These results can be applied as a proxy of biocides that are possibly being used by antifouling systems and, consequently, released into the aquatic environment, which can help to prioritize the active ingredients that should be addressed in future studies.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocides in antifouling paint formulations currently registered for use

Paz-Villarraga

Castro

Fillmann

2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Although still among the top 10 most frequently used biocides within the revised paint formulations, the same applies for diuron and Irgarol that have decreased from 16.6 % and 8.4 % (Okamura and Mieno 2006) to 8.2 % and 5.8 % (present JPMA dataset), respectively, their frequency in formulations registered for use. Postulated as antifouling candidates a decade ago (Pérez et al 2009; Thomas and Brooks 2010), pyridine-triphenylborane (PTPB) (4.1%), tralopyril (2.7%) and medetomidine (0.2%) still presented a relatively low frequency of use in the registered formulations. DCOIT (9.3 %) is the fth most frequently registered biocide for use, being increased its frequency of use in comparison to what was previously seen in Japan (10.2 % from Okamura and Mieno (2006) to 15.1 % for the present JPMA dataset).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocides in Antifouling Paint Formulations Currently Registered For Use

Paz-Villarraga

Castro

Fillmann

2021

Preprint

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Antifouling paints incorporate biocides in their composition seeking to avoid or minimize the settlement and growing of undesirable fouling organisms. Therefore, biocides are released into the aquatic environments also affecting several non-target organisms and, thus, compromising ecosystems. Despite global efforts to investigate the environment occurrence and toxicity of biocides currently used in antifouling paints, the specific active ingredients that have been used in commercial products are poorly known. Thus, the present study assessed the frequencies of occurrence and relative concentrations of biocides in antifouling paint formulations registered for marketing worldwide. The main data were obtained from databases of governmental agencies, business associations and safety data sheets from paint manufacturers around the world. Results pointed out for 25 active ingredients currently used as biocides, where up to six biocides have been simultaneously used in the examined formulations. Cuprous oxide, copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, zineb, DCOIT and cuprous thiocyanate were the most frequently ones, with mean relative concentrations of 35.9±12.8 %, 2.9±1.6 %, 4.0±5.3 %, 5.4±2.0 %, 1.9±1.9 % and 18.1±8.0 % (w/w) of respective biocide present in the antifouling paint formulations. Surprisingly, antifouling paints containing TBT as active ingredient are still being registered for commercialization nowadays. These results can be applied as a proxy of biocides that are possibly being used by antifouling systems and, consequently, released into the aquatic environment, which can help to prioritize the active ingredients that should be addressed in future studies.

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“…Of these, barnacles are one of the main sources of macro-organisms and probably also the one that causes the most problems. Once they seize the opportunity to attach to the hull of a ship or any other surface in the marine environment, they form a calcareous matrix wall around their soft body (shell) [52].…”

Section: Marine Biofoulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leading edge topography of blades–a critical review

Wood

Lü

2021

Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.

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In turbomachinery, their blade leading edges are critical to performance and therefore fuel efficiency, emission, noise, running and maintenance costs. Leading edge damage and therefore roughness is either caused by subtractive processes such as foreign object damage (bird strikes and debris ingestion) and erosion (hail, rain droplets, sand particles, dust, volcanic ash and cavitation) and additive processes such as filming (from dirt, icing, fouling, insect build-up). Therefore, this review focuses on the changes in topography induced by during service to blade leading edges and the effect of roughness and form on performance and efforts to predict and model these changes. The applications considered are focused on wind, gas and tidal turbines and turbofan engines. Repair and protection strategies for leading edges of blades are also reviewed. The review shows additive processes are typically worse than subtractive processes, as the roughness or even form change is significant with icing and biofouling. Antagonism is reported between additive and subtractive roughness processes. There are gaps in the current understanding of the additive and subtractive processes that influence roughness and their interaction. Recent work paves the way forward where modelling and machine learning is used to predict coated wind turbine blade leading edge delamination and the effects this has on aerodynamic performance and what changes in blade angle would best capture the available wind energy with such damaged blades. To do this generically there is a need for better understanding of the environment that the blades see and the variation along their length, the material or coated material response to additive and/or subtractive mechanisms and thus the roughness/form evolution over time. This is turn would allow better understanding of the effects these changes have on aerodynamic/ hydrodynamic efficiency and the population of stress raisers and distribution of residual stresses that result. These in turn influence fatigue strength and remaining useful life of the blade leading edge as well as inform maintenance/repair needs.

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Organic alternatives to copper in the control of marine biofouling

Cited by 8 publications

References 57 publications

Biocides in antifouling paint formulations currently registered for use

Biocides in antifouling paint formulations currently registered for use

Biocides in Antifouling Paint Formulations Currently Registered For Use

Leading edge topography of blades–a critical review

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