Orexins (hypocretins) and energy balance: More than feeding

Fernø, Johan; Señarı́s, Rosa; Diéguez, Carlos; Tena‐Sempere, Manuel; López, Miguel

doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.022

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 203 publications

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“…As discussed in the previous section, the LHA seems to receive projections from the VMH and overexpressing OXs activate sympathetic fibers innervating BAT and WAT [81], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115]. It should be noted however, that OX null mice display normal temperature although they are unable to induce thermogenesis in response to stress induced by handling, suggesting that OX plays an important role in stress-dependent thermogenesis [116].…”

Section: The Hypothalamus: the Beginning Of The Travelmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Traveling from the hypothalamus to the adipose tissue: The thermogenic pathway

et al. 2017

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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized tissue critical for non-shivering thermogenesis producing heat through mitochondrial uncoupling; whereas white adipose tissue (WAT) is responsible of energy storage in the form of triglycerides. Another type of fat has been described, the beige adipose tissue; this tissue emerges in existing WAT depots but with thermogenic ability, a phenomenon known as browning. Several peripheral signals relaying information about energy status act in the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, to regulate thermogenesis in BAT and browning of WAT. Different hypothalamic areas have the capacity to regulate the thermogenic process in brown and beige adipocytes through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). This review discusses important concepts and discoveries about the central control of thermogenesis as a trip that starts in the hypothalamus, and taking the sympathetic roads to reach brown and beige fat to modulate thermogenic functions.

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Section: The Hypothalamus: the Beginning Of The Travelmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Interestingly, OXs are also required to correct development, differentiation and function of brown adipocytes [107]. In fact OXs act on both components of energy expenditure, thermogenesis and locomotor activity [104], [107], [108], [109], [110].…”

Section: The Hypothalamus: the Beginning Of The Travelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traveling from the hypothalamus to the adipose tissue: The thermogenic pathway

et al. 2017

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“…Under fasting conditions, prepro-orexin expression is increased [69] , an effect that is inhibited by leptin [70] . Orexin is one of the most pleiotropic hypothalamic peptides that stimu-lates food intake in addition to modulation of behavioural responses such as arousal, wake maintenance, motivation, and reward [69,[71][72][73][74][75] . Similar to orexins, MCH expression rises in the fasted state to produce an orexigenic action [76,77] .…”

Section: Hypothalamic Regulation Of Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic Lipids: Key Regulators of Whole Body Energy Balance

et al. 2016

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Hypothalamic lipid metabolism plays a major role in the physiological regulation of energy balance. Modulation of several enzymatic activities that control lipid biosynthesis, such as fatty acid synthase and AMP-activated protein kinase, impacts both feeding and energy expenditure. However, lipids can also cause pathological alterations in the hypothalamus. Lipotoxicity is promoted by excess lipids in tissues not suitable for their storage. A large amount of evidence has demonstrated that lipotoxicity is a pathophysiological mechanism leading to metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and steatohepatitis. Current data have reported that, similar to what is observed in peripheral tissues, complex lipids such as ceramides and sphingolipids act as lipotoxic species at the hypothalamic level to impact metabolism. Here, we will review what is currently known about hypothalamic lipid metabolism and the modulation of energy homeostasis.

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“…Orexin-A and orexin-B regulate homeostatic mechanisms of energy balance and metabolism through activation of two G-protein coupled receptors [2,3] , orexin receptors 1 and 2 (OX1R and OX2R, respectively). Orexin-A has a wide variety of physiological functions, such as feeding, arousal, behavioral activity and energy homeostasis [2][3][4][5][6][7] . Recent studies have shown that orexin-A regulate gastrointestinal motility through the brain-gut axis [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrinsic Orexin-A in Lateral Hypothalamic Area Regulates Gastric Motility in Rats

Luo¹

2015

ijSciences

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Abstract:The orexin neuropeptide family consists of orexin-A and orexin-B, which are coded from the same prepro-mRNA. Although peripherally administered orexin-A abolishes small intestinal interdigestive contractions in rats, it still remains unclear whether orexin-A of lateral hypothalamic area(LHA) effects on the gastric motility in rats. We selected Wistar rats as our subjects. A stainless-steel injection cannula was implanted unilaterally into the LHA. A force transducer was embedmented into the stomach to record circular muscle contractiontions in freely moving conscious rats. The gastric motility was monitored by administration of ghrelin into LHA. The changes of amplitude of constriction and frequency of gastric motility were monitored in conscious rats by a transducer. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy was performed to elucidate the neural pathways of orexin-A. After microinjection of orexin-A into LHA 5-20 min later, Orexin-A dose-dependently increased the amplitude of contraction and accelerated frequency of gastric motility in the stomach. The effect of orexin-A on promoting the amplitude and frequency of gastric contraction disappeared after 0.5μg orexin-A +6.0μg SB-334867 mixture was microinjection into LHA. However, there was no significant changes of amplitude and frequency of gastric contraction while injection of orexin-A receptor antagonists SB-334867 alone. The stimulatory effect of orexin-A on gastric motility was abolished by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. It is suggested that exogenous orexin-A of LHA may promote gastric motility, the effect may be accomplished through the LHA-vagus pathway.

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Orexins (hypocretins) and energy balance: More than feeding

Cited by 25 publications

References 203 publications

Traveling from the hypothalamus to the adipose tissue: The thermogenic pathway

Traveling from the hypothalamus to the adipose tissue: The thermogenic pathway

Hypothalamic Lipids: Key Regulators of Whole Body Energy Balance

Extrinsic Orexin-A in Lateral Hypothalamic Area Regulates Gastric Motility in Rats

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