Orexin-A controls sympathetic activity and eating behavior

Aim: Doping affects the sport. Its explosive spread has triggered the response of sports' and government's institutions. The aims of this study were to know the spread of doping in Italy, what were the most used substances and/or method and in which sports it was more common. Moreover, what instruments were used to contrast it. Methods:We have analysed the doping's spread in Italy since 2003. The data come from the databases of government and sports Italians institutions. We have compared those data and focused our attention on substances and/or methods discovered in athletes. Furthermore, data's combination showed the reason of drug addiction. Results:In Italy, only 3% of checked athletes are doped, many of them are men and young athletes dope less than the older ones. Doped athletes play mainly cycling, athletics, swimming and football. The prominent peak of them is in the Central and Southern Italy in 2008 and 2010. Moreover, the analysis of data relating to galenic preparations declared during the year 2012, shows that 75% of the prescribed substances are diuretics and masking agents, anabolic steroids and stimulant. Regarding the substances, cannabinoids and stimulants have recorded the highest consumption. Conclusion:The data show only the tip of the iceberg due to doping's secrecy. Every substance that give pleasant sensations or help the subject in his activity will bring him to repeat the consumption. Frequently, new substances and methods are discovered. For this reason, to contrast this phenomenon, there are legislation instruments together with various funded projects.

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“…Those researches demonstrate how one kind of that orientation is linked to drug dependence [34,38,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping in Italy: An Analysis of its Spread in Ten Years

Mazzeo¹,

Monda

Messina³

et al. 2016

Biol Med (Aligarh)

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“…Considering the high prevalence of the mentioned three kinds of foot deformities the human foot has two functions: weight-bearing and propulsion [13,20,[32][33][34]. The areas under the five metatarsal heads, hallux and calcaneus, are mainly load-bearing locations [35][36][37][38][39]. Therefore, the peak and mean pressure values, the pressure time integrals and the force under these areas are commonly used to analyze and compare plantar pressure patterns among foot types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Medical Device, called RUGRAN, Improves the Correction and Stabilization of Posture

Russo¹,

Messina²,

Moscatelli³

et al. 2017

Biol Med (Aligarh)

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Posture is human fundamental ability that deals with the scientific and clinical study of body position in space, in order of maintaining balance in both static and dynamic conditions, in relation to the psychic functions, biochemical and somatosensory individual for the maintenance or achievement of health status. The aim of the present study was to examine if a medical device (plantar), called RUGRAN, can improve muscle rehabilitation in pain syndromes muscle-tendon for the correction and stabilization postural. The static pedobarographic evaluation revealed significantly higher values in terms of forefoot peak pressure, total plantar force and total contact area in subject without RUGARN plantar, compared to subjects with RUGARN plantar. This is the first study that investigated the pedobarographic changes in subjects with the RUGARN plantar. The static pedobarographic findings we observed while the subjects were standing revealed no difference of force distribution and contact area between forefoot and rearfoot and this finding did not support the hypothesis that the centre of the body shifts to forward because of excessive adipose tissue causing excessive forefoot loading.

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“…However, in obese patients, regulation of the SNS outflow seems to be more widespread and more complex than in non-obese subjects, preferentially affecting heart, kidneys, muscle, and vascular wall, and triggering the development of cardiovascular complications. [10] The key points are that regulation of the SNS allows specific responses to specific physiological conditions and that the adaptive SNS response to cold promotes thermogenesis by targeting BAT and is devoid of undesirable cardiovascular effects. Substantial evidences show that BAT activation leads to increased thermogenesis potentially useful to prevent or reverse obesity and diabetes in multiple experimental models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orexin system increases energy expenditure by brown adipose tissue activity

Messina¹,

Monda²,

Villano³

et al. 2017

Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol

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Adipose tissue is a biological caloric reservoir that expands itself in response to overnutrition and releases lipids in response to energy deficit. It comprises white adipose tissue, the main energy storage, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), a key site of thermogenesis that dissipates chemical energy as heat. BAT is richly innervated by sympathetic nerve efferent fibers, and its development and activation are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Furthermore, substantial evidences show that BAT activation leads to increased thermogenesis. Thus, the regulation of the SNS tone provides a complex mechanism able to specifically coordinate the function of the organs involved in energy homeostasis. On the other hand, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ by producing various signaling cytokines and interacting with some neuropeptides as orexins. Orexins are produced by the lateral hypothalamus and evidences have suggested that orexins promote energy expenditure (EE) through modulation of locomotor activity and BAT thermogenesis. Recent data also suggest that orexins are required for BAT development, differentiation, and function. In the light of this, the orexin neuropeptides are part of a network able to increase EE through modulation of BAT thermogenesis which can be a target to new strategies to reduce the incidences of overweight and obesity. Aim of this review is to report our evidences showing that the autonomic nervous system influences food intake and energy consumption under various conditions, such as injection of orexins, which change the sympathetic and/or parasympathetic activities.

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Orexin-A controls sympathetic activity and eating behavior

Cited by 81 publications

References 93 publications

Doping in Italy: An Analysis of its Spread in Ten Years

Doping in Italy: An Analysis of its Spread in Ten Years

A Medical Device, called RUGRAN, Improves the Correction and Stabilization of Posture

Orexin system increases energy expenditure by brown adipose tissue activity

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