ORDEM 3.0 and MASTER-2009 modeled debris population comparison

Krisko, Paula H.; Flegel, S.; Matney, Mark; Jarkey, D. R.; Braun, Vitali

doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.03.024

Cited by 44 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The number of collisions that will lead to further incidents will grow over time. This risk is particularly high for near-polar LEO orbits at around 800-900 km and the GEO region, as approximately 62% of functional satellites are in LEO and 31% in GEO [3,19]. As LEO is the region of greatest concern for the uncontrolled growth of debris, currently, the following mechanisms are considered vital to mitigate the debris population to a sustainable level: (1) post-mission disposal; (2) passivation; and, (3) active debris removal.…”

Section: The Status Of the Outer Space Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Legal Framework for Space Debris Remediation as a Tool for Sustainability in Outer Space

Popova

Schaus

2018

Aerospace

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The growth of orbital space debris is both a consequence of and a potential hindrance to space activities. The risks posed by space debris propagation in the most used orbital regions highlight the need to adequately address the challenges posed to the sustainability in outer space. The preservation of the access to and usability of outer space in the long-term requires that action is taken which has to be the result of both mitigation and remediation measures for existing and future space missions. As the enforcement of such technical measures will depend on adequate regulation, they need to be approached also from a legal perspective. The deficiencies in law for space debris remediation mechanisms originate from the fact that although technical concepts have been developed, the legal framework for space activities does not impose any legal obligations for debris removal and on-orbit servicing. Nevertheless, an overview of the relevant legal framework shows that there is a legal basis for the protection of the outer space environment which can, as has already been the case with space debris mitigation guidelines, be substantiated in more concrete terms by the formulation of voluntary, non-binding instruments and included in national legislation.

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Section: The Status Of the Outer Space Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Legal Framework for Space Debris Remediation as a Tool for Sustainability in Outer Space

Popova

Schaus

2018

Aerospace

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“…Two elaborate models exist for the simulation of the space debris population, namely the Ordem model from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Master model from the European Space Agency (ESA). 3 Although in the Ordem model debris objects are categorized by their density, the great variety of debris objects considered in the Master model is grouped by its source of formation. This comprises fragments from explosions and collisions, sodium-potassium (NaK) droplets, slag from solid rocket motor (SRM) firing, SRM dust, multilayered insulation, paint flakes, ejecta, and clusters.…”

Section: Space Debris Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Momentum predictability and heat accumulation in laser-based space debris removal

et al. 2018

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Small space debris objects of even a few centimeters can cause severe damage to satellites. Powerful lasers are often proposed for pushing small debris by laser-ablative recoil toward an orbit where atmospheric burn-up yields their remediation. We analyze whether laser-ablative momentum generation is safe and reliable concerning predictability of momentum and accumulation of heat at the target. With hydrodynamic simulations on laser ablation of aluminum as the prevalent debris material, we study laser parameter dependencies of thermomechanical coupling. The results serve as configuration for raytracing-based Monte Carlo simulations on imparted momentum and heat of randomly shaped fragments within a Gaussian laser spot. Orbit modification and heating are analyzed exemplarily under repetitive laser irradiation. Short wavelengths are advantageous, yielding momentum coupling up to ∼40 mNs∕kJ, and thermal coupling can be minimized to 7% of the pulse energy using short-laser pulses. Random target orientation yields a momentum uncertainty of 86% and the thrust angle exhibits 40% scatter around 45 deg. Moreover, laser pointing errors at least redouble the uncertainty in momentum prediction. Due to heat accumulation of a few Kelvin per pulse, their number is restricted to allow for intermediate cooldown. Momentum scatter requires a sound collision analysis for conceivable trajectory modifications. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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“…To mitigate and understand the risks to operational satellites, researchers use debris environment models to model the debris orbiting Earth (Klinkrad et al, 2001, Krisko, 2010. These models reliably predict the orbits of large fragments (>10 cm) using ground based sensors, but show discrepancies in modeling smaller but still dangerous fragments in the critical range (1 mm to 1 cm) which cannot be directly measured from Earth (Krisko et al, 2015). This discrepancy highlights the need for a more thorough understanding of HVI and fragmentation phenomena for modeling of the space debris environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectory Based 3d Fragment Tracking in Hypervelocity Impact Experiments

Watson

Maas

Schäfer

et al. 2018

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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Collisions between space debris and satellites in Earth’s orbits are not only catastrophic to the satellite, but also create thousands of new fragments, exacerbating the space debris problem. One challenge in understanding the space debris environment is the lack of data on fragmentation and breakup caused by hypervelocity impacts. In this paper, we present an experimental measurement technique capable of recording 3D position and velocity data of fragments produced by hypervelocity impact experiments in the lab. The experimental setup uses stereo high-speed cameras to record debris fragments generated by a hypervelocity impact. Fragments are identified and tracked by searching along trajectory lines and outliers are filtered in 4D space (3D&thinsp;+&thinsp;time) with RANSAC. The method is demonstrated on a hypervelocity impact experiment at 3.2&thinsp;km/s and fragment velocities and positions are measured. The results demonstrate that the method is very robust in its ability to identify and track fragments from the low resolution and noisy images typical of high-speed recording.

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ORDEM 3.0 and MASTER-2009 modeled debris population comparison

Cited by 44 publications

References 7 publications

The Legal Framework for Space Debris Remediation as a Tool for Sustainability in Outer Space

The Legal Framework for Space Debris Remediation as a Tool for Sustainability in Outer Space

Momentum predictability and heat accumulation in laser-based space debris removal

Trajectory Based 3d Fragment Tracking in Hypervelocity Impact Experiments

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