Oral snuff, smoking habits and alcohol consumption in relation to oral cancer in a Swedish case-control study

Characterization of initial clinical symptoms and risk factors for sinonasal adenocarcinomas: results of a case–control study

“…In Germany, the proportion of smokers in the adult general population is assumed to be 30% (Boening 2004). In contrast, carcinomas of the oral cavity-as already mentioned-are associated with an increased consumption of alcohol and tobacco (Johnson 2001;Llewellyn et al 2003;Anaya-Saavedra et al 2008;Zheng et al 1990;Schildt et al 1998;Moreno-Lopez et al 2000). However, as it regards risk factors, it is worth remembering that participants with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity are actually predominantly employed in the construction industry and are thereby exposed to numerous other occupational noxious agents (chromate-containing cement, UV light, noise, the carrying of heavy loads, etc.).…”

Should one use smokeless tobacco in smoking cessation programs?

“…Nevertheless snus is known to contain many carcinogenic substances,although it has yet not been proved to produce cancer in humans (on oral cancer see [13]). However, there are risks other than cancer associated with snus taking.The effects of nicotine include increases in heart rate,blood pressure, cardiac output, and coronary blood flow, although no increased risk of cardiac infarction has been found [3,10].…”

Smoking and Oral Health

“…In this population, nearly all the cancers of the gingiva and buccal mucosa were attributed to the long -term use of snuff and other smokeless tobacco products [128] . However, the relationship between smokeless tobacco use and oral cancer risk is not consistent among different populations, which could be explained by the fact that smokeless tobacco products used in different countries contain different levels of carcinogens [107,129] . In India, for example, smokeless tobacco is often used in combinations with betel leaf, areca nut, and powdered slaked lime, and these additives make the combination more carcinogenic than tobacco alone [130,131] .…”