Oral reproductive and developmental toxicity of Lignosus rhinocerotis mycelium in rat

Jhou, Bo-Yi; Liu, Hsiao-Hui; Yeh, Shu-Hsing; Chen, Chin‐Chu

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.029

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In our previous study, the genotoxicity [14] and prenatal developmental toxicity [15] were conducted on LRM and showed no significant findings that lead to meaningful interpretation of toxic effect. However, a subchronic toxicity evaluation is necessary as it can provide valuable information about the toxicity of LRM and can provide suitable dose regimens for long-term studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…To date, results show that the L. rhinocerotis mycelium is devoid of its genotoxic effect under the experimental conditions [14] and its no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is greater than 3400 mg/kg BW in reproductive and developmental animal studies using rats [15]. As part of an overall program to evaluate the effect and safety of this promising natural remedy for general use in food or health supplements, it is therefore necessary to carry out in-depth nutrition and safety evaluations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional and 13-Week Subchronic Toxicological Evaluation of Lignosus rhinocerotis Mycelium in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Yang

Lin

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Lignosus rhinocerotis (Tiger’s Milk mushroom) is a novel mushroom with sclerotium belonging to the Polyporaceae family and has been reported widely to possess anti-cancer, anti-cough, antioxidant, gastro-protective, immuno-modulating, and neurite-stimulating properties. As numerous studies have proven the tremendous medicinal values of L. rhinocerotis, it is necessary to understand its nutrition as well as its safety for the recipient. Previous research on L. rhinocerotis has mainly focused on the naturally occurring sclerotium and may have overlooked mushroom mycelia from submerged liquid fermentation, which ensures a high uniform quantitative biomass production as well as a high biological value. Hence, this is the first report on the evaluation of nutrition and 13-week repeated oral toxicity of L. rhinocerotis mycelium (LRM). The LRM powder contained 9.0 ± 4.2% moisture, 1.9 ± 1.3% ash, 1.6 ± 2.2% crude lipid, 8.4 ± 5.3% crude protein, 79.3 ± 4.6% carbohydrate, and 364 kcal/100 g energy. The total free amino acid ranged from 349 to 5636 mg/100 g and the umami index of freeze-dried LRM powder was 0.37. For safety assessment, ninety-six rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of twelve male and twelve female rats. Test articles were administered by oral gavage to rats at 850, 1700, and 3400 mg/kg body weight/day for 13 weeks and reverse osmosis water was used as the control. All animals survived to the end of the study. During the experiment period, no abnormal changes were observed in clinical signs, body weight, or ophthalmological examinations. No adverse or test article-related differences were found in urinalysis, hematology, or serum biochemistry parameters between the treatment and control groups. Necropsy and histopathological examination indicated no treatment-related changes. According to the above results, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of L. rhinocerotis was identified to be greater than 3400 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day in Sprague–Dawley rats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional and 13-Week Subchronic Toxicological Evaluation of Lignosus rhinocerotis Mycelium in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Yang

Lin

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…This study therefore constitutes the first toxicity investigation of L. rhinocerus grown in a bioreactor, with the results compared with that of extracts from other Lignosus species. Table 1 shows details of four studies assessing the effect of L. rhinocerus MB on cervical cancer cells (24 mg/mL) 50 , neurite bearing cells (1.75–5.93 mg/mL) 51 , MTT assay for normal human cells (200 μg/mL) 45 , and developmental toxicity in pregnant Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (3.4 mg/mL) 52 . Notwithstanding this, there is no published research on the toxicity of EPS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[NA: Not Available]. Fungal source Toxicity model Image Non-toxic concentrations (mg/mL) References Mycelial Biomass (MB) Exopolysaccharide (EPS) L. rhinocerus In vivo—Zebrafish embryos and larvae 0.77 0.41 Current study L. rhinocerotis In vitro—Cervical cancer cells (Ca Ski, HPV-16) NA 25 – 50 L. rhinocerotis In vitro—Differentiating mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells 1.75–5.93 – 51 L. rhinocerotis In vitro-MTT assay NA 0.2 – 45 L. rhinocerotis In vivo—Developmental toxicity in pregnant Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats NA 3.4 – 52 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications

Usuldin

Wan‐Mohtar

Ilham

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Natural mycelial biomass (MB) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Malaysian tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus are considered high-end components due to their high commercial potential value in drug discovery. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of the mushroom extracts’ generated in a bioreactor using the zebrafish embryo toxicity (ZFET) model assay as a new therapy for treating asthma. Both MB and EPS extracts, at concentrations 0.16–10 mg/mL, were tested for ZFET and early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) during 24–120 h post-fertilisation (HPF). Findings revealed that MB was deemed safe with an LC50 of 0.77 mg/mL; the EPS were non-toxic (LC50 of 0.41 mg/mL). Neither MB nor EPS delayed hatching nor teratogenic defects in the treated ZE at a 2.5 mg/mL dose. There were no significant changes in the ZE heart rate after treatments with MB (130 beats/min) and EPS (140 beats/min), compared to that of normal ZE (120–180 beats/min). Mixing both natural compounds MB and EPS did not affect toxicity using ZFET testing; thus, intimating their safe future use as therapeutic interventions. This represents the first study to have used the ZFET assay on MB and EPS extracts of L. rhinocerus for future health applications.

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“…This constitutes the first toxicity investigation of L. rhinocerus (Malaysian tropical rain forest mushroom) grown in a bioreactor where results were compared with extracts from other Lignosus species. Table 1 shows four studies that have previously described: the assessment of L. rhinocerus MB with cervical cancer cells (24 mg/mL) 44 , neurite bearing cells (1.75 -5.93 mg/mL) 45 , MTT assay for normal human cells (200 g/mL) 39 and developmental toxicity in pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (3.4 mg/mL) 46 . Notwithstanding this, there has been no published research on the toxicity of EPS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Vivo Toxicity of Bioreactor-Grown Biomass And Exopolysaccharides From Malaysian Tiger Milk Mushroom Mycelium For Potential Future Health Applications

Usuldin

Wan-Mohtar

Ilham

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Natural mycelial biomass (MB) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced from bioreactor-grown Malaysian Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus are considered high-end components due to their high commercial potential value in drug discovery. Both MB (0.16-10 mg/mL) and EPS (0.16-10 mg/mL) extracts were tested for Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET) and early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) during 24-120 h post-fertilization (HPF) in order to assess toxicity given potential application as a new therapy for treating asthma. Finding revealed that MB was deemed to be safe with an LC50 of 0.77 mg/mL; EPS was shown to be non-toxic (LC50 of 0.41 mg/mL). Neither MB nor EPS delayed hatching nor teratogenic defects in treated ZE at a dose of 2.5 mg/mL. There were no significant changes in the ZE heart rate after MB or EPS treatments with MB (0.16-10 mg/mL: 130 beats/min) and EPS (0.16-10 mg/mL: 140 beats/min), as compared to normal ZE (120-180 beats/min). In addition, mixing of both natural compounds MB and EPS did not affect toxicity using ZFET testing; thus, intimating their safe future use as therapeutic interventions.

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Oral reproductive and developmental toxicity of Lignosus rhinocerotis mycelium in rat

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Nutritional and 13-Week Subchronic Toxicological Evaluation of Lignosus rhinocerotis Mycelium in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Nutritional and 13-Week Subchronic Toxicological Evaluation of Lignosus rhinocerotis Mycelium in Sprague-Dawley Rats

In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications

In-Vivo Toxicity of Bioreactor-Grown Biomass And Exopolysaccharides From Malaysian Tiger Milk Mushroom Mycelium For Potential Future Health Applications

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