Oral pigmentation: A review

Abstract

Pigmentations are commonly found in the mouth. They represent in various clinical patterns that can range from just physiologic changes to oral manifestations of systemic diseases and malignancies. Color changes in the oral mucosa can be attributed to the deposition of either endogenous or exogenous pigments as a result of various mucosal diseases. The various pigmentations can be in the form of blue/purple vascular lesions, brown melanotic lesions, brown heme-associated lesions, gray/black pigmentations.

Q‐switched double‐frequency Nd:YAG (532 nm) laser is an effective treatment for racial lip pigmentation

“…Entities that commonly result in multiple hyperpigmented lesions of the lip include Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, Albright's syndrome, lentigo simplex, solar lentigos, and functional melanocytic nevi. Diffuse involvement without systemic systems, as in the case of the patient above, is common in smokers, but can also be seen with certain drugs, drug eruptions, Laugier‐Hunziker syndrome, and as a normal racial variant . In the case of the patient above, lip hyperpigmentation was most likely the latter, as work‐up revealed no systemic symptoms and she was not a smoker.…”

Clinicopathological profile and malignant transformation in oral lichen planus: A retrospective study

“…[222324] About 37.06% of patients showed associated hyperpigmentation, with males being more commonly affected and buccal mucosa being the most common site. Patients with Type 2 DM showed greater incidence of hyperpigmentation.…”

Orale und Nagelpigmentierungen: eine für den Kliniker nützliche Parallelität

“…Bis zu einem Viertel aller Raucher weisen eine solche, in der Regel die vordere Mundschleimhaut betreffende Rauchermelanose auf. Ist die Diagnose gesichert, ist keine weitere Behandlung erforderlich . Chronischer Kontakt mit exogenen Substanzen (Kaffee, Tee) oder mangelnde Hygiene können zur Entwicklung einer schwarzen Haarzunge führen, die durch eine bräunliche Färbung der dorsalen Zunge und Hypertrophie der Papillen gekennzeichnet ist .…”