Oral microbial habitat a dynamic entity

Abstract

Oral microbial habitat is composed of wide variety of species. These species play a significant role in maintaining the well being of the oral cavity by contributing in various ways. However the proper functioning of these oral microbes can be detrimental for the human oral cavity if the conditions are not suitable such as redox potential (Eh), pH of a site, the activity of the host defenses, and the presence of antimicrobial agents. The oral microbial community represents the best-characterized group associated with the human host. There are strong correlations between the qualitative composition of the oral microbiota and clinically healthy or diseased states. Amongst the bacteria of more than 700 species now identified within the human oral microbiota, it is the streptococci that are numerically predominant. Interactions between mucosal surfaces and microbial microbiota are key to host defense, health, and disease. These surfaces are exposed to high numbers of microbes and must be capable of distinguishing between those that are beneficial or avirulent and those that will invade and cause disease. Our understanding of the mechanisms involved in these discriminatory processes has recently begun to expand as new studies bring to light the importance of epithelial cells and novel immune cell subsets such as T(h)17 T cells in these processes. In this review article we have tried to find out the factors responsible for maintaining oral microbial habitat intact and the reasons which cause changes in its composition.

Salivary Microbial Dysbiosis is Associated with Systemic Inflammatory Markers and Predicted Oral Metabolites in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

“…Members of the significantly higher genus Streptococcus , act as opportunistic pathogens, and in the tumour samples this was also reported to discriminate tumour samples from the controls in oral cancer 39. Not limited in habitat, Streptococci in the oral cavity have a close relationship with the entire body 40. Additionally, as Veillonella and Streptococcus can potentially interact metabolically and frequently co-occur in immunomodulation by pair-wise combinations of strains in the human intestine 41, the combinations of Veillonella and Streptococcus in the oral cavity might elicit an immune response profile that is relevant to the progression of NSCLC.…”

Quantification of carious pathogens in the interdental microbiota of young caries-free adults

“…Many distinct habitats may be identified on individual teeth, with each habitat containing a unique biofilm community [ 8 ]. Tooth habitats favorable for harboring pathogenic biofilm include the smooth enamel surfaces immediately gingival to the proximal contacts and in the gingival third of the facial and lingual surfaces of the clinical crown [ 9 ].…”

Microbial profiling of dental plaque from mechanically ventilated patients

“…There is a large surface area provided by teeth for colonization and maturation of plaque. Areas with lowered oxygen potentials, such as the interproximal spaces of teeth and in deep periodontal pockets, are frequently colonized by large numbers of predominantly anaerobic species (Jefferson, 2004; Faran Ali & Tanwir, 2012). The difference in the microbial composition at different sites emphasizes the adaptability of the microbiome to specific surroundings.…”