Oral manifestations associated with HIV-related disease as markers for immune suppression and AIDS

Oral Candidosis as a Clinical Marker of Immune Failure in Patients with HIV/AIDS on HAART

“…1 On the other hand a close relation between OC and HL, and severe immunodepression was established. 4,7 Although data regarding the association of viral load and opportunistic oral infections remains conclusive, a higher prevalence of OC in HIV-positive patients whose viral load were greater than 10,000 copies per milliliter 14,15 has been reported. For this reason a prognostic value for OC was recognized.…”

“…On the other hand, it has been reported that lower counts of CD4 lymphocyte cells and higher viral loads are closely related to certain opportunistic infections, including oral lesions related to HIV infection (OL-HIV) specifically oral candidosis (OC) and hairy leukoplakia (HL). [4][5][6][7] Even though the literature concerning the behavior of OL-HIV in patients with HIV/AIDS undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is scarce, [8][9][10] it has been suggested that the presence of OL-HIV could be a clinical indicator of failure of HAART. 11 Therefore, the principal objective of this work is to determine if OL-HIV, specifically OC and HL can be useful clinical indicators of success or failure of HAART.…”

Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among People Living with HIV/AIDS

“…Prevalence of oral lesions has been shown to be significantly higher in individuals with a CD4+ count less than 200 cells/mm 3 and a viral load greater than 3000 copies/mL (Bravo et al, 2006;Greenspan et al, 2000;Tappuni & Fleming, 2001). The importance of oral lesions as clinical indicators of HIV infections and markers of clinical progression to AIDS has been demonstrated in many studies that reported their association with CD4+ depletion and high viral load (Bravo et al, 2006;Campo et al, 2002;Chattopadhyay et al, 2005;Glick et al, 1994;Greenspan et al, 2000;Patton, 2000;Ramírez-Amador et al, 2003;Shiboski et al, 2001). A comprehensive review of epidemiologic studies on HIV-related oral lesions reported from developed and developing countries over more than a decade, encompassing the pre-HAART and early-HAART period from 1986 to 2000, revealed oral candidiasis as the most common lesion found in all ages across the world (Patton et al, 2002).…”

“…It usually appears when CD4+ T cell count drops below 150 cells/mm3 (Glick et al, 1994). Although the actual cause and pathogenesis of the lesion is unclear, Epstein-Barr virus seems to play an important role (Cruchley et al, 1997;Tüzün et al, 2005).…”

“…HIV-associated periodontitis is a serious and rapidly progressive condition, usually occur in severe immunosuppression when CD4+ T cell count is less than 100 cells/mm 3 (Glick et al, 1994). Clinically, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis is characterized by gingival ulceration and necrosis as well as rapid and progressive destruction of the periodontal attachment and loosening of teeth (EC-Clearinghouse & WHO, 1993;Patton, 2003).…”