Oral Manifestations: A Reliable Indicator for Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Abstract

Objectives This article identifies undiagnosed DM (UDM) cases in the Pakistani population by perceiving the signs and symptoms of DM and associating them with oral manifestations. Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study, patients showing at least three or more classical or warning signs like polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and general weakness were considered UDM cases. Detailed oral examination for gingivitis, periodontitis, halitosis, xerostomia, and tongue manifestations was done followed by the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) analysis. Results Out of 5,878 patients, 214 UDM cases were identified, where 31.8% and 39.7% of the patients were diagnosed as prediabetics and diabetics, respectively, based on HbA1c analysis. Prevalence of gingivitis (97.6%), fissured tongue (91.8%), generalized periodontitis (85.9%), thick saliva (87.1%), xerostomia (84.7%), burning mouth syndrome (63.5%), yellow discoloration of tongue (57.6%), and ecchymosis/ulcers (43.5%) were more in diabetics as compared to prediabetic patients and normal population. Conclusion The oral manifestations can be crucial for identifying UDM cases. Dentists can play a pivotal role by taking detailed history and thorough oral examination. If three or more symptoms as concluded above are present, an HbA1c analysis should be conducted to prevent preop and postop complications associated with DM.

The Correlation between Oral Lichen Planus and Thyroid Pathologies: A Retrospective Study in a Sample of Italian Population

“…13 All the other variables analyzed (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking) did not show a statistically significant impact on OLP and OLL. 28 In some studies, exogenous factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption seemed to have a protective effect, reducing the risk of TD. Specifically, smoking seemed to lower anti-thyroid peroxidase and TGA levels.…”

“…All the other variables analyzed (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking) did not show a statistically significant impact on OLP and OLL. 28 …”

Clinical atrophy patterns of filiform papillae of the tongue and their relationship with the serum levels of iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid in patients with systemic diseases

“…We recorded separately other entities associated with FP atrophy according to their clinical features 7,26,27 . Clinical diagnosis of benign migratory glossitis was specially considered based on previously published descriptions 28,29 .…”

“…We recorded separately other entities associated with FP atrophy according to their clinical features. 7,26,27 Clinical diagnosis of benign migratory glossitis was specially considered based on previously published descriptions. 28,29 The criteria used to classify benign migratory glossitis were the lingual presence of a central atrophic area surrounded by an erythematous halo circumscribed by a slightly elevated white circinate line (Figure 1h).…”

Oral and systemic complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a sample of the Libyan population: A single-center study

“…Therefore, primary care physicians should be more aware of these complications [17] . Dental practitioners can play an active role in detecting and minimizing complications, morbidity and mortality associated with undiagnosed DM by screening patients for oral health and referring such patients to physicians for definitive diagnosis [18] .…”