Oral Kaposi's sarcoma in Tanzania: Presentation, immunopathology and human herpesvirus-8 association

Abstract

corresponding to approximately 10% of KS registered during 1990-2005, were diagnosed (ELISA) as HIV-infected (OAKS) (74/78) and endemic KS (4/78). Females were 69.2% (54/78) with median age 31 and males 30.8% (24/78) with median age 38. More males (50%) had systemic KS than females (37%) and 4-times more multicentric OKS. All tested (34) oral KS patients sera had HHV-8 antibodies. Available (31/78) blood showed very low CD4 + T-lymphocyte counts. Most OKS (61.5%) had nodular histology. Immunostaining showed adult male nodular OAKS to have a significantly higher frequency of viral LANA + , endothelial CD34 + tumour spindle-cells (SC) and more Ki-67 + (median =24.1%) proliferating cells compared to females (17.2%). Juvenile nodular OAKS had more LANA + and Ki-67 + cells than corresponding adult cases. Significantly more LANA + and Ki-67 + cells were found in nodular OAKS compared to cutaneous HIV/AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma (CAKS). A positive correlation (60%) was found between the proliferation index (Ki-67 + cell frequency) and LANA + /CD34 + SC. OKS in Tanzania is since 1990, mostly seen in females, associated with HIV/AIDS and advanced (nodular) histopathology. Males have more systemic tumour burden while more females develop primary OAKS. HHV-8 + cells were more frequent in nodular male than female and in juvenile than adult nodular OAKS than cAKS. Higher tumoral HHV-8 content appeared to be correlated to proliferation index.

Mucosal Kaposi sarcoma, a Rare Cancer Network study

“…HIV-negative oral KSs only represent 5% of African endemic KS series while oral cases represent over 50% of AIDS related KS. 35,38 Surgery may be performed but the disease may not always be well demarcated. For symptomatic lesions which cause bleeding and ulcerative dermatitis, surgical excision may be considered.…”

Oral Kaposi's sarcoma: a review and update

“…In two different studies from Africa, only 4.9 and 5.1% of patients with OKS were found to have endemic KS; the remaining majority were identified as having AIDS-associated KS. 9,10 One of these studies showed that among 11 patients with endemic KS, only 18% had involvement of the oral mucosa. 10 By contrast with findings in other variants, the oral cavity is commonly affected in epidemic KS.…”

“…9,10 One of these studies showed that among 11 patients with endemic KS, only 18% had involvement of the oral mucosa. 10 By contrast with findings in other variants, the oral cavity is commonly affected in epidemic KS. 11 It has been estimated that in 22% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with KS, the oral mucosa is the initial site of clinical disease, 11 which in some cases remains confined to the mouth.…”

Vaccination with β2‐Microglobulin‐Deficient Dendritic Cells Protects Against Growth of β2‐Microglobulin‐Deficient Tumours

“…Tissues from six (three immunized and three non‐immunized) B6 mice were fixed for 24 h in neutral buffered (40%) formalin, embedded in paraffin and sections (5 μ m) mounted on SuperFrost® slides (Menzel GmbH & Co KG, Braunschweig, Germany). These were then deparaffinized, rehydrated and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) as previously described [30]. Histological evaluation and microphotography was performed by two histopathologists (ARM and PB) using an Olympus BX60 microscope (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a digital camera (Sony DKC‐5000, Tokyo, Japan).…”

“…In vivo tumour protection was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Logrank test. Percentage destroyed glomeruli in organ slides were analyzed with the epi info 6 statistical software programme (CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA) as previously described [30]. Comparison of non‐parametric data was done according to the Kruskal–Wallis test for two groups (Wilcoxon Two Sample Test).…”