Oral immunization of foxes with avirulent rabies virus mutants

Blois, H Le; Tuffereau, Christine; Blancou, Jean; Artois, Marc; Aubert, André; Flamand, Anne

doi:10.1016/0378-1135(90)90156-p

Cited by 34 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…An avirulent mutant, SAG1 (for SAD Avirulent Gif), in which arginine at position 333 was substituted by serine, was isolated from SAD Bern with monoclonal antibody 50 AD1 [ 14 , 23 , 24 ]. This mutant was found to be avirulent in all animal species tested and in adult mice, regardless of the dose and route of inoculation [ 12 , 14 ]. The SAG1 virus was shown to be as immunogenic as the parental strain of SAD Bern.…”

Section: Main Characteristics Of the Sag2 Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in wildlife: a global review

Mähl

Cliquet²,

Guiot³

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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The SAG2 vaccine (RABIGEN® SAG2) is a modified live attenuated rabies virus vaccine, selected from the SAD Bern strain in a two-step process of amino acid mutation using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. The strain is genetically stable and does not spread in vivo or induce a persistent infection. Its absence of residual pathogenicity was extensively demonstrated in multiple target and non target species (such as wild carnivores and rodent species), including non-human primates. The efficacy of SAG2 baits was demonstrated according to the EU requirements for the red fox and raccoon dog. The use of safe and potent rabies vaccines such as SAG2 largely contributed to the elimination of rabies in Estonia, France, Italy and Switzerland. Importantly, these countries were declared free of rabies after few years of oral vaccination campaigns with SAG2 baits distributed with an appropriate strategy. The excellent tolerance of the SAG2 vaccine has been confirmed in the field since its first use in 1993. No safety issues have been reported, and in particular no vaccine-induced rabies cases were diagnosed, after the distribution of more than 20 million SAG2 baits in Europe.

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Section: Main Characteristics Of the Sag2 Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The laboratory mouse is one of most susceptible species to rabies virus, and the parental strain SAD Bern is highly pathogenic for adult mice by the intracerebral route [ 14 ]. Therefore, studies on reversion to virulence were conducted in mice.…”

Section: Main Characteristics Of the Sag2 Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in wildlife: a global review

Mähl

Cliquet²,

Guiot³

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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“…The second generation was developed by selection of monoclonal antibody escape mutants, e.g. SAD VA1, SAG1, or SAG2 [ 20 – 23 ]. Later, site-directed mutagenesis [reverse genetics] led to the development of a third generation of oral rabies vaccines, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal Use of Oral Rabies Vaccines in Fox Rabies Elimination Programmes in Europe

et al. 2015

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In Europe, the elimination of wildlife rabies using oral rabies vaccination [ORV] of foxes for more than 30 years has been a success story. Since a comprehensive review on the scope of the different oral rabies vaccine baits distributed across Europe has not been available yet, we evaluated the use of different vaccine baits over the entire period of ORV [1978–2014]. Our findings provide valuable insights into the complexity of ORV programs in terms of vaccine related issues. More than 10 oral vaccines against rabies were used over the past four decades. Depending on many factors, the extent to which oral rabies virus vaccines were used varied considerably resulting in huge differences in the number of vaccine doses disseminated in ORV campaigns as well as in large spatial and temporal overlaps. Although vaccine virus strains derived from the SAD rabies virus isolate were the most widely used, the success of ORV campaigns in Europe cannot be assigned to a single oral rabies virus vaccine alone. Rather, the successful elimination of fox rabies is the result of an interaction of different key components of ORV campaigns, i.e. vaccine strain, vaccine bait and strategy of distribution.

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“…The SAD strain was replaced by the Street-Alabama-Gif (SAG) 1 and SAG2 strains. The SAG2 strain was developed after two successive mutations of the arginine 333 codon using anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies, and it did not produce any clinical signs in mice inoculated intracranially [17]. Raccoon dogs and dogs ingesting ten doses of SAG2 bait remained healthy, and all vaccinated animals had high rabies neutralizing antibody levels for 180 days after inoculation [18].…”

Section: Current Rabies Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The present and future of rabies vaccine in animals

Yang

Kim

Lee

et al. 2013

Clin Exp Vaccine Res

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An effective strategy for preventing rabies consists of controlling rabies in the host reservoir with vaccination. Rabies vaccine has proven to be the most effective weapon for coping with this fatal viral zoonotic disease of warm-blooded animals, including human. Natural rabies infection of an individual is always associated with exposure to rabid animals, and the duration of clinical signs can vary from days to months. The incubation period for the disease depends on the site of the bite, severity of injury, and the amount of infecting virus at the time of exposure. The mortality of untreated cases in humans is 100%. Over the last 100 years, various rabies vaccines have been developed and used to prevent or control rabies in animals, such as modified live vaccine, inactivated rabies vaccine, and oral modified live vaccine. These have proved safe and efficacious worldwide. New-generation rabies vaccines, including recombinant rabies virus-based vaccines, vectored vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, and plant vaccines, have been explored to overcome the limitations of conventional rabies vaccines. This article discusses current and next-generation rabies vaccines in animals.

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Oral immunization of foxes with avirulent rabies virus mutants

Cited by 34 publications

References 11 publications

Twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in wildlife: a global review

Twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in wildlife: a global review

Spatio-temporal Use of Oral Rabies Vaccines in Fox Rabies Elimination Programmes in Europe

The present and future of rabies vaccine in animals

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