Oral Examination in the Cat

Clarke, David E.; Caiafa, Anthony

doi:10.1177/1098612x14552364

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…The comprehensive examination includes a tooth-by-tooth visual assessment, probing, mobility assessment, radiographic examination, and oral examination charting. 115,116 Anesthesia-free dentistry is not appropriate because of patient stress, injury, risk of aspiration, and lack of diagnostic capabilities. Furthermore, because this procedure is intended only to clean the visible surface of the teeth, it provides the pet owner with a false sense of benefit to their pet’s oral health.…”

Section: Oral Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines

Quimby

Gowland²,

Carney³

et al. 2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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The guidelines, authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine, are an update and extension of the AAFP–AAHA Feline Life Stage Guidelines published in 2010. The guidelines are published simultaneously in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (volume 23, issue 3, pages 211–233, DOI: 10.1177/1098612X21993657) and the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (volume 57, issue 2, pages 51–72, DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7189). A noteworthy change from the earlier guidelines is the division of the cat’s lifespan into a five-stage grouping with four distinct age-related stages (kitten, young adult, mature adult, and senior) as well as an end-of-life stage, instead of the previous six. This simplified grouping is consistent with how pet owners generally perceive their cat’s maturation and aging process, and provides a readily understood basis for an evolving, individualized, lifelong feline healthcare strategy. The guidelines include a comprehensive table on the components of a feline wellness visit that provides a framework for systematically implementing an individualized life stage approach to feline healthcare. Included are recommendations for managing the most critical health-related factors in relation to a cat’s life stage. These recommendations are further explained in the following categories: behavior and environmental needs; elimination; life stage nutrition and weight management; oral health; parasite control; vaccination; zoonoses and human safety; and recommended diagnostics based on life stage. A discussion on overcoming barriers to veterinary visits by cat owners offers practical advice on one of the most challenging aspects of delivering regular feline healthcare.

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Section: Oral Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines

Quimby

Gowland²,

Carney³

et al. 2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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“…51 In patients over the age of 7 years, common forms of dental disease include periodontal disease, tooth resorption, oral tumors and systemic diseases with oral manifestations (eg, CKD, DM). 47 Age correlates significantly with the incidence of periodontal disease 48 and tooth resorption. 49,50…”

Section: Concurrent Issues To Consider In the Aging Catmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dental disease and associated pain in cats is often unnoticed at home. Clinical signs may include head shaking, pawing at the mouth, tongue thrusting, hypersalivation, or rubbing the head along the ground, 47 but signs are often subtle and not explicitly linked with dental disease. Cats may display vague alterations in activity, appetite and interactions with family, and/or other subtle signs of pain (Table 2).…”

Section: Management Tools That Optimize Health In the Aging Catmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the awake patient, this includes extraoral examination of the head as well as intraoral examination. 47 Examination of the entire dental arcade can be difficult in awake cats, and lesions can be missed. For example, tooth resorption is commonly found first in 307 and 407, 49 yet assessing these mandibular premolars can be a challenge in the conscious cat.…”

Section: Management Tools That Optimize Health In the Aging Catmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines

Ray

Carney²,

Boynton

et al. 2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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The ‘2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines’ are authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine and serve as an update and extension of those published in 2009. They emphasize the individual patient evaluation and the process of aging, with references to other feline practice guidelines for a more complete discussion of specific diseases. Focusing on each cat encourages and empowers the owner to become a part of the cat’s care every step of the way. A comprehensive discussion during the physical examination and history taking allows for tailoring the approach to both the cat and the family involved in the care. Videos and analysis of serial historical measurements are brought into the assessment of each patient. These Guidelines introduce the emerging concept of frailty, with a description and methods of its incorporation into the senior cat assessment. Minimum database diagnostics are discussed, along with recommendations for additional investigative considerations. For example, blood pressure assessment is included as a minimum diagnostic procedure in both apparently healthy and ill cats. Cats age at a much faster rate than humans, so practical timelines for testing frequency are included and suggest an increased frequency of diagnostics with advancing age. The importance of nutrition, as well as senior cat nutritional needs and deficiencies, is considered. Pain is highlighted as its own syndrome, with an emphasis on consideration in every senior cat. The Task Force discusses anesthesia, along with strategies to allow aging cats to be safely anesthetized well into their senior years. The medical concept of quality of life is addressed with the latest information available in veterinary medicine. This includes end of life considerations like palliative and hospice care, as well as recommendations on the establishment of ‘budgets of care’, which greatly influence what can be done for the individual cat. Acknowledgement is given that each cat owner will be different in this regard; and establishing what is reasonable and practical for the individual owner is important. A discussion on euthanasia offers some recommendations to help the owner make a decision that reflects the best interests of the individual cat.

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“…The secretory portion of the buccal molar gland is close to the commissure (between the M. orbicularis oris and the mucous membrane of the lower lip at the angle of the mouth) and it empties into the buccal cavity by several small ducts; and the lingual molar gland located within a membranous bulge caudolingual to the mandibular molar tooth (constituting the molar pad) [10]. Sometimes, the membranous molar pad enlarges and may be traumatised (when chewing), being important not to be mistaken for a tumour or polyp [49].…”

Section: Topographical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cat Mandible (I): Anatomical Basis to Avoid Iatrogenic Damage in Veterinary Clinical Practice

Lombardero

Alonso-Peñarando

Yllera

2021

Animals

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Cats are one of our favourite pets in the home. They differ considerably from dogs but are usually treated clinically as small dogs, despite some anatomical and physiological dissimilarities. Their mandible is small and has some peculiarities relative to the dentition (only three incisors, a prominent canine, two premolars and one molar); a conical and horizontally oriented condyle, and a protudent angular process in its ventrocaudal part. Most of the body of the mandible is occupied by the mandibular dental roots and the mandibular canal that protects the neurovascular supply: the inferior alveolar artery and vein, and the inferior alveolar nerve that exits the mandible rostrally as the mental nerves. They irrigate and innervate all the teeth and associated structures such as the lips and gingiva. Tooth roots and the mandibular canal account for up to 70% of the volume of the mandibular body. Consequently, when fractured it is difficult to repair without invading the dental roots or vascular structures. Gaining a comprehensive anatomical knowledge and good clinical practice (such as image diagnosis before and post-surgery) will help in the awareness and avoidance of iatrogenic complications in day-to-day feline clinical practice.

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Oral Examination in the Cat

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines

2021 AAHA/AAFP Feline Life Stage Guidelines

2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines

The Cat Mandible (I): Anatomical Basis to Avoid Iatrogenic Damage in Veterinary Clinical Practice

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