Resveratrol (RSV) has various pharmacological effects; however, few studies have directly addressed the possible antifatigue effects of long-term endurance exercise. The clinical use of RSV is limited by its poor water solubility and extremely short plasma half-life. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are considered as reasonable drug delivery systems to overcome some of these drawbacks and expand its applications. In this study, RSV-SLNs were successfully prepared through emulsification and low-temperature solidification. Results showed that RSV-SLN supplementation effectively enhanced endurance performance. RSV-SLN supplementation might enhance mitochondrial function by ameliorating mitochondrial quality control (QC), which was superior to RSV application. These results revealed an unexpected role of RSV-SLN compared with RSV in terms of linking nutrient deprivation to mitochondrial oxidant production through mitochondrial QC. A mitochondrion-mediated pathway was likely involved in RSV-SLN, thereby improving endurance performance. Overall, this study highlighted new possibilities for anti-physical-fatigue strategies.Crystals 2019, 9, 559 2 of 15 expand the applications of RSV to resolve some of these problems. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are considered as an efficient drug delivery system because of their good physicochemical properties [9,10]. SLNs, which can be metabolized by many organisms, can modulate drug release [11][12][13]. SLNs can efficiently protect encapsulated resveratrol drugs in the biological environment and improve their physiochemical properties [14][15][16]. Hence, this study evaluated the effect of RSV-loaded SLN (RSV-SLN) supplementation on exercise performance to explore its possible mechanisms.Maintaining mitochondrial function involves mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, fusion, and fission. The integration of this series of processes reflects mitochondrial quality control (QC). We hypothesized that chronic fatigue states induced by excessive endurance exercise might be linked to injured mitochondrial QC. This study was the first to explore the effects of RSV-loaded SLNs on gene regulation that involves mitochondrial QC following excessive endurance exercise in mice. These data improved the understanding of the role of RSV in a nanometer form as mitochondrial nutrition during successive sessions of prolonged endurance exercise.
Materials and Methods
Preparation of RSV-SLNsRSV-SLNs were produced by emulsification and low-temperature solidification. In brief, RSV (150 mg) (Aladdin Industrial Corporation, Shanghai, China), lecithin (100 mg), and stearic acid (200 mg) (Shanghai Chemical Reagent Company, Shanghai, China) were dissolved in 10 mL of chloroform in glass bottles as an organic phase through ultrasound. Myrj 52 (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in 30 mL of distilled water and heated to 75 ± 2 • C in a water bath as an aqueous phase. Under 1000 rpm mechanical stirring, the organic phase was injected into the hot water phase, and the solution was kept at 75 • ...