Options for the Control of Disease 2: Targeting Hosts

Carter, Stephen P.; Roy, Sugoto; Cowan, David P.; Massei, Giovanna; Smith, Graham C.; Ji, Weihong; Rossi, Sophie; Woodroffe, Rosie; Wilson, Gavin; Delahay, Richard J.

doi:10.1007/978-4-431-77134-0_7

Cited by 46 publications

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“…Risk factors detected in this study are somehow different from those studies in urban zones, showing that different control strategies should be applied to these environments. Finally, control measures directed to reservoir hosts may be effective to protect against wildlife diseases (Carter et al, 2009), and of course against zoonosis. Culling dogs is not recommended because it is almost always ineffective or creates unexpected (mostly bad) outcomes, and raises serious animal and human welfare issues (Carter et al, 2009;Knobel et al, 2014).…”

Section: Rppnfm Pesb Pess Rppnfma Rppnms Perd Total (%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, control measures directed to reservoir hosts may be effective to protect against wildlife diseases (Carter et al, 2009), and of course against zoonosis. Culling dogs is not recommended because it is almost always ineffective or creates unexpected (mostly bad) outcomes, and raises serious animal and human welfare issues (Carter et al, 2009;Knobel et al, 2014). Interventions with endoparasitic treatment should be accompanied by population control of hosts (i.e., dogs and cats) and reinforcement of responsible pet ownership (Torres and Prado, 2010), or population growth by increased fitness and reduced disease-related mortality may result in the emergence or persistence of other pathogens (Knobel et al, 2014), as well as in other negative effects of the presence of domestic animals in wildlife-rich areas such as the Atlantic Forest remnants.…”

Section: Rppnfm Pesb Pess Rppnfma Rppnms Perd Total (%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for gastrointestinal parasite infections of dogs living around protected areas of the Atlantic Forest: implications for human and wildlife health

et al. 2016

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Despite the ubiquity of domestic dogs, their role as zoonotic reservoirs and the large number of studies concerning parasites in urban dogs, rural areas in Brazil, especially those at the wildlife-domestic animal-human interface, have received little attention from scientists and public health managers. This paper reports a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of gastrointestinal parasites of rural dogs living in farms around Atlantic Forest fragments. Through standard parasitological methods (flotation and sedimentation), 13 parasite taxa (11 helminths and two protozoans) were found in feces samples from dogs. The most prevalent were the nematode Ancylostoma (47%) followed by Toxocara (18%) and Trichuris (8%). Other less prevalent (<2%) parasites found were Capillaria, Ascaridia, Spirocerca, Taeniidae, Acantocephala, Ascaris, Dipylidium caninum, Toxascaris, and the protozoans Cystoisospora and Eimeria. Mixed infections were found in 36% of samples, mostly by Ancylostoma and Toxocara. Previous deworming had no association with infections, meaning that this preventive measure is being incorrectly performed by owners. Regarding risk factors, dogs younger than one year were more likely to be infected with Toxocara, and purebred dogs with Trichuris. The number of cats in the households was positively associated with Trichuris infection, while male dogs and low body scores were associated with mixed infections. The lack of associations with dog free-ranging behavior and access to forest or villages indicates that infections are mostly acquired around the households. The results highlight the risk of zoonotic and wildlife parasite infections from dogs and the need for monitoring and controlling parasites of domestic animals in human-wildlife interface areas.Keywords: Canis familiaris, endoparasites, human-wildlife interface, zoonosis, protected areas.Fatores de risco para infecções parasitárias gastrointestinais em cães do entorno de áreas protegidas da Mata Atlântica: implicações para a saúde humana e da vida selvagem ResumoApesar da ubiquidade dos cães domésticos, de seu papel como reservatório de doenças, e do grande número de estudos sobre parasitas de cães urbanos, as áreas rurais no Brasil, especialmente aquelas na interface entre animais silvestres -animais domésticos -humanos, tem recebido pouca atenção de cientistas e gestores de saúde pública. Este artigo relata um estudo epidemiológico seccional de parasitas gastrointestinais de cães rurais em propriedades no entorno de fragmentos de Mata Atlântica. Através de métodos parasitológicos como flutuação e sedimentação, 13 táxons de parasitas (11 helmintos e dois protozoários) foram encontrados em amostras de fezes dos cães. O mais prevalente foi o nematóide Ancylostoma (47%), seguido por Toxocara (18%) e Trichuris (8%). Outros parasitas menos prevalentesBraz.

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Section: Rppnfm Pesb Pess Rppnfma Rppnms Perd Total (%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rppnfm Pesb Pess Rppnfma Rppnms Perd Total (%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for gastrointestinal parasite infections of dogs living around protected areas of the Atlantic Forest: implications for human and wildlife health

et al. 2016

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“…Such a plan might aim to reduce overall deer density, local density, herd size, local weight of infection and likely rates of contact with cattle and with badgers, and could be integrated with other land management objectives such as forestry, agriculture or conservation (Putman and Moore 1998). However, lethal control may carry a risk of invoking counterproductive epidemiological consequences arising from the behavioural and demographic responses of wildlife populations to culling (Carter et al 2009), making confident recommendations for management action inappropriate until the effects of such responses are adequately understood. One outcome could be an increase in contact rates, resulting in elevated R 0 values for spillover and maintenance hosts, and potentially changing the status of some spillover hosts to maintenance hosts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Predicting the status of wild deer as hosts of Mycobacterium bovis infection in Britain

Ward

Smith

2011

Eur J Wildl Res

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Control of livestock diseases can become complicated when wild animals are involved. The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) is considered the principle wildlife host of Mycobacterium bovis (which causes bovine tuberculosis, bTB) in Great Britain and Ireland, but wild deer have also been implicated. Whether wild deer are likely to perpetuate bTB in cattle depends on the exposure risks they pose, the mode of pathogen transmission, the distances over which the disease can be transported and whether they can maintain infection within their own populations independently of other sources. We evaluated the likely host status of each of four species of wild British deer (red, roe, fallow and Reeves' muntjac) and the badger across a range of densities typically observed in Britain by manipulating the reproductive number equation proposed by Anderson and May (1991). We estimate that roe deer almost certainly act as spillover hosts at densities lower than 30 km −2 , red deer below 16 km −2 , muntjac below 6 km −2 , fallow below 4 km −2 and the badger below 2 km −2 . We also estimate that muntjac will almost certainly act as maintenance hosts at densities above 56 km −2 , fallow above 47 km −2 and badgers above 24 km −2 . For densities between these values, we cannot be certain of the host status of these species, and for red and roe deer we cannot be certain of host status under most natural conditions typically experienced in parts of Britain experiencing high incidence of bTB in cattle. However, enhanced transmission rates resulting from artificially high densities such as might be experienced at supplementary feeding sites may be sufficient to promote independent maintenance of infection. We were not able to confidently assign host status to any species over a wide range of densities, but conclude that this is likely to reflect reality, where host status may be affected as much by, for example, demographic fluctuations as it is by population density. Our results imply densities below which populations of wild deer inhabiting cattle bTB hotspots ought to be maintained in order to control the possibility of them perpetuating the cycle of intra-and interspecific M. bovis transmission.

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“…Recent experience with pilot trials that relied on culling of European badgers to help control bovine tuberculosis in the UK provides a real example of this phenomenon (Jones et al 2013;Munro 2013;Whitehead 2013;Woolhouse and Wood 2013). Opinions differ on whether management is even required for bTB and brucellosis in wood bison populations, and the only option seriously considered to date is mass culling, something that modern urban societies often find unacceptable (Carter et al 2009). This created an impasse to the discussion of alternative methods and hampered serious attempts at building bridges among disparate government agencies and stakeholder groups with different goals .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE) IN NORTHERN CANADA: A RENEWED NEED TO DEVELOP OPTIONS FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT

Shury

Nishi²,

Elkin

et al. 2015

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Effective, long-term strategies to manage the threat of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis spillback from northern, diseased bison to the Canadian cattle herd and adjacent disease-free wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) herds have eluded policy makers in recent decades. A controversial plan to depopulate infected herds and repopulate them with diseasefree wood bison was rejected in 1990 because of significant public concern. Since then, technical advances in vaccine technology, genetic salvage, selective culling, and diagnostic test development have occurred. Containment strategies to reduce further spread of these diseases are a necessary first step; recent progress has been made in this area, but challenges remain. This progress has produced more options for management of these herds in northern Canada, and it is time to consider wood bison conservation and long-term disease eradication as equally important goals that must satisfy concerns of conservation groups, agriculture sectors, aboriginal groups, and the general public. Management of wildlife disease reservoirs in other areas, including Yellowstone and Riding Mountain national parks, has demonstrated that effective disease management is possible. Although combinations of different strategies, including vaccination, genetic salvage techniques, and selective culling, that use sensitive and specific diagnostic tests may offer alternatives to depopulation/repopulation, they also have logistic constraints and cost implications that will need consideration in a multistakeholder, collaborative-management framework. We feel the time is right for this discussion, so a longterm solution to this problem can be applied.

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Options for the Control of Disease 2: Targeting Hosts

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Risk factors for gastrointestinal parasite infections of dogs living around protected areas of the Atlantic Forest: implications for human and wildlife health

Risk factors for gastrointestinal parasite infections of dogs living around protected areas of the Atlantic Forest: implications for human and wildlife health

Predicting the status of wild deer as hosts of Mycobacterium bovis infection in Britain

TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE) IN NORTHERN CANADA: A RENEWED NEED TO DEVELOP OPTIONS FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT

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