Optimum design of a Tee mixer for fast reactions

Forney, Larry J.; Gray, Gary E.

doi:10.1002/aic.690361122

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…As shown in previous studies (Forney and Lee 1982;Forney and Gray 1990;Chen et al 1990; Monclova and Forney 1995), a common shape of ducting systems is rectangular with a T-junction. The generic "T" mixing system in this study had a rectangular cross section ( Fig.…”

Section: Generic Mixing System Modelmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…However, those studies did not measure velocity and gas concentration profiles over the center two-thirds of the cross-sectional area of stacks and ducts under the requirements of ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999. Mixing was studied for optimum dimensions of pipeline mixing at T-junctions (Forney and Lee 1982), the optimum design of a Tee mixer (Forney and Gray 1990), an evaluation of a mathematical model at a T-junction (Chen et al 1991), and numerical simulation of a pipeline Tee mixer (Monclova and Forney 1995). In these cases, the results did not show a generalized experimental correlation under the requirements of ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Evaluation of Mixing Downstream of Tees in Duct Systems With Respect to Single Point Representative Air Sampling

Kim

O’Neal²,

Ortiz³

2006

Health Physics

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Air duct systems in nuclear facilities must be monitored with continuous sampling in case of an accidental release of airborne radionuclides. The purpose of this work is to identify the air sampling locations where the velocity and contaminant concentrations fall below the 20% coefficient of variation required by the American National Standards Institute/Health Physics Society N13.1-1999. Experiments of velocity and tracer gas concentration were conducted on a generic "T" mixing system which included combinations of three sub ducts, one main duct, and air velocities from 0.5 to 2 m s (100 to 400 fpm). The experimental results suggest that turbulent mixing provides the accepted velocity coefficients of variation after 6 hydraulic diameters downstream of the T-junction. About 95% of the cases achieved coefficients of variation below 10% by 6 hydraulic diameters. However, above a velocity ratio (velocity in the sub duct/velocity in the main duct) of 2, velocity profiles were uniform in a shorter distance downstream of the T-junction as the velocity ratio went up. For the tracer gas concentration, the distance needed for the coefficients of variation to drop 20% decreased with increasing velocity ratio due to the sub duct airflow momentum. The results may apply to other duct systems with similar geometries and, ultimately, be a basis for selecting a proper sampling location under the requirements of single point representative sampling.

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Section: Generic Mixing System Modelmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of Mixing Downstream of Tees in Duct Systems With Respect to Single Point Representative Air Sampling

Kim

O’Neal²,

Ortiz³

2006

Health Physics

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“…For the tee mixers used in this study, several researchers have shown that optimum mixing is achieved if the incoming (batch) jet is centered along the axis of the run leg (antisolvent) of the mixing tee and backmixing due to jet impingement to the far wall of the mixing tee is avoided. 23,[36][37][38][39][40][41] For a fixed design (branch and run leg diameters) of the tee mixer, mixing then varies with the batch/antisolvent velocity ratio or equivalently the volumetric flow ratio. Figure 8a shows the effect of the batch:n-heptane ratio on the chord length distribution obtained for 4 runs during which the batch stream concentration was fixed at around 100 mg/mL.…”

Section: Control Of Api Surface Area During Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Development and Robust Control of Physical Attributes of an Amorphous Drug Substance

Zarkadas

Pridgen

Liotta

2018

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Control of physical attributes of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be challenging due to processability issues, their wide variation during processing and the requirement to control them to specific ranges. In this article, we report our efforts to develop a robust isolation process for boceprevir, which delivers specific surface areas between 3.0 and 9.4 m/g. We developed mechanistic process understanding by utilizing a new method to measure glass transition temperature of API suspensions. Boceprevir processability and surface area are determined by the interplay between the suspension operating conditions and glass transition temperature. Processing time and thermal history also influence API surface area evolution, rendering a dynamic nature to it. A control strategy was developed consisting of 2 elements: a continuous tee mixer precipitation process, which delivers API in the 40-60 m/g range and 1 of 2 annealing step variants. In the first, surface area was controlled in 4 batches to 6.7-7.5 m/g by equilibrating the API suspension above its glass transition temperature and a subsequent vacuum distillation. The second annealing variant controlled surface area to 4.5-6.5 m/g for over 70 commercial batches through a dynamic vacuum distillation step with prescribed temperature and % batch volume distilled profiles versus time.

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“…Since all mixing applications require the injection of fluid into the reactor at one or more locations, a mixing tee as shown in Figure 1 provides a simple method of contacting two fluid streams. In fact, it is possible to achieve variation coefficients n,E < 0.05 that are suitable for many industrial applications in less than 10 tube diameters from the injection point (Sroka and Forney, 1989;Forney and Gray, 1990;Monclova and Forney, 1995). Moreover, for fast reaction applications that require short residence times, a tee-mixer is an attractive alternative to stirred tanks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%