Optimizing ultramicroporous hard carbon spheres in carbonate ester‐based electrolytes for enhanced sodium storage in half‐/full‐cell sodium‐ion batteries

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have received considerable attention as promising next-generation energy storage systems due to a large abundance of sodium and ion storage chemistry similar to that of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We report ultramicroporous hard carbon microspheres (HCMSs) derived from sucrose via a microwave-assisted solvothermal reaction as anode for SIBs. Because of the HCMSs with a larger interlayer spacing in graphitic domains and ultramicropores, it delivers excellent 3-RC features (reversible capacity, rate capability, and retention of capacity) reported to date for hard carbons derived from sugar-based carbon precursors through electrolyte optimization of carbonate esters (EC:PC, EC:DEC, EC:DMC). The HCMS-PC delivered the best reversible capacity of 265 mAh g −1 at a current density of 300 mA g −1 , showing 85.8% capacity retention after 100 cycles and 66.3% capacity retention after 500 cycles in a half-cell. A full-cell fabricated with an HCMS-PC anode and a Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode delivered reversible capacities of 81 and 48 mAh g −1 at current densities of 30 and 300 mA g −1 , respectively.

Structure and function of hard carbon negative electrodes for sodium-ion batteries

“…As discussed earlier, limiting the porosity and SSA of the hard carbons is a plausible and viable solution to control the SEI layer. In addition, surface coatings and electrolyte optimisation by selecting suitable solvents, sodium salts, and additives can help in the formation of a thin and stable SEI layer along with an improved ICE [99][100][101][102]. The electrolytes are prepared by mixing a suitable sodium salt in a single or mix of organic ether or ester-based solvents with occasional use of additives.…”

Utilization of single biomass-derived micro-mesoporous carbon for dual-carbon symmetric and hybrid sodium-ion capacitors

“…The AJPC-M material exhibits the I D / I G ratio of 3.11, which is higher than AJPC-D ( I D / I G = 3.02), suggesting more degree of disorder in the structure results in more active sites, possibly due to many heteroatoms, such as H and O tapped on the surface being beneficial for surface adsorption-based applications. 28…”

High Mass‐Loading Biomass‐Based Porous Carbon Electrodes for Supercapacitors: Review and Perspectives

“…The market size of China's supercapacitor reached 17.6 billion Yuan by the end of 2021. [51][52][53] In 2022, 4173 online papers have been published on Small 2023, 19, 2300336 supercapacitors, which fully shows that the market demand for supercapacitors is growing. From a long-term perspective, the development of supercapacitors will show explosive growth in the next few decades, especially with the increasing demand for flexible electronic products, flexible wearable supercapacitors will occupy a large market share.…”

“…[2] Advanced electrochemical energy storage systems are key power sources in emerging electric vehicle, smart grid, and portable electronics applications. [3] Among energy storage devices, supercapacitors, [4][5][6][7] lithium-ion batteries, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] sodium-ion batteries, [15][16][17][18][19][20] potassium-ion batteries, [21][22][23][24] and Li-S batteries, [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] have received widespread attention. As an important energy storage device, supercapacitors have attracted extensive attention and owned a wide range of applications due to their microsize, lightweight, fast charging, and discharging speed, high power density, long cycle life, and wide operating temperature.…”