“…With the continuous development of the social economy and the rapid growth of population, the problems of environmental pollution, greenhouse effect, and the shortage of nonrenewable resources are becoming increasingly serious, and thus, the sustainable development of human society is facing serious threats. − Therefore, to achieve dual carbon targets, the investigation of a low-cost, high-efficiency, continuous, and environmentally friendly energy storage system, which can make full use of renewable resources and solve the problem of environmental pollution and energy shortage, is one of the major challenges confronting the human society today. Electrochemical energy storage systems, such as fuel cells, , supercapacitors (SCs), lithium-ion batteries, , etc., are one of the most important ways to store and utilize electrical energy efficiently. In particular, SCs benefit from having a high power density, a fast charge–discharge rate, a long cycling life, and less environmental pollution and are now widely used in electric automobiles, aerospace, and portable electronic equipment. , According to the energy storage mechanism, SCs may generally be classified into electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitors.…”