Optimizing the biomimetic synthesis of hydroxyapatite for the consolidation of bone using diammonium phosphate, simulated body fluid, and gelatin

Abstract

Strategies involving the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAP) are significant in health and materials sciences, and lately, in heritage science. Conditions for the optimized heterogeneous formation of HAP for consolidating bone are investigated using a simple methodology with discs of calcium-containing starting materials and phosphate-containing reagent solutions; the results were evaluated against whole bone specimens. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) solutions with simulated body fluid (SBF) and gelatin as cofactors in all combinations were used in trials, while the products were characterized by microscopy, elemental microanalysis, X-Ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hypothesis that bone, SBF, and gelatin may biomimetically promote HAP formation was tested through a simple experimental design. The results showed that HAP is generally formed in mixtures with octacalcium phosphate (OCP), as well as calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite). The precipitation of carbonate HAP signals the formation of a biocompatible product in the cases where SBF and gelatin were employed as cofactors. Gelatin was found to further promote the product formation in most cases. It was shown that DAP, as well as its combination with gelatin, could predominantly form HAP in most trials, while OCP is co-crystallized in SBF-containing solutions.

Physicochemical Characterization of Biomineralized Structures of Sea Pen Pteroeides spinosum (Ellis & Solander, 1786)(Octocorallia: Pennatulidae)

“…4 3− ) peaks, which are characteristic vibrations of PO4, in the spicule FTIR spectrum con rms the presence of calcium phosphate in the structure(Nesseri et al 2020). However, their density was weak due to the low amount of phosphate accumulated on the spicule surface.…”

Influence of Biomimetically Mineralized Collagen Scaffolds on Bone Cell Proliferation and Immune Activation

“…The presence of phosphates was also attributed to the bands at 1200–965 cm −1 [ 9 ], 1022 cm −1 [ 47 ], 1020 cm −1 and 960 cm −1 [ 48 ] and also at 500–600 cm −1 [ 9 , 23 , 48 ], while the bands at 872 cm −1 , 873 cm −1 and 1413 cm −1 were assigned to carbonates [ 47 , 48 ]. Similarly, in KBr-FTIR spectra of a human cortical bone, the bands at 1032, 603 and 563 cm −1 were assigned to phosphates, while the band at 872 cm −1 was assigned to carbonates [ 49 ].…”

Osteogenic and microstructural characterization in normal versus deformed jaws of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from freshwater

“…We detected peaks at 2800-3000, 1553.5, and 1241.9 cm -1 , which correspond to the presence of N-H (amide), and another peak at 1645.5 that corresponded with carbonyl groups (C=O). Both N-H and C=O groups indicated the presence of collagen in the samples (Nesseri et al, 2020).…”