Optimizing conditions for the use of chlorophyll derivatives for photodynamic control of parasites in aquatic ecosystems

Abstract

Recently, it was demonstrated that mosquito larvae can be killed by means of photodynamic processes after the larvae have incorporated the photosensitizer chlorophyllin or pheophorbid, and were treated with light. The water-soluble substances were applied to and incorporated by the larvae in darkness. With Chaoborus sp. a dark incubation of about 3 h is sufficient to yield mortality of about 90% and ≥6 h resulted in almost 100% mortality during subsequent illumination. Temperature did not influence mortality of the larvae significantly in a treatment of 6 h dark incubation and subsequent 3 h illumination. At 10°C, 20°C, or 30°C, between 80% and 100% of the treated larvae died when the light intensity from a solar simulator was above 30 W/m(2). Lower irradiances were less effective. The LD(50) value of magnesium chlorophyllin was about 22.25 mg/l and for Zn chlorophyll 17.53 mg/l, while Cu chlorophyll (LD(50) 0.1 mg/l) was shown to be toxic also without light. Chlorophyllin, which was lyophilized immediately after extraction, was far more lethal to the larvae (LD(50) 14.88 mg/l) than air-dried Mg chlorophyllin.

Photodynamic Toxicity of Chlorophyllin against Fasciola gigantica Carrier Snail Indoplanorbis exustus in Visible Spectral Band

“…25 Relating to attenuation it was tested earlier that about 36 W/m 2 of visible day light are sufficient to stimulate photodynamic destruction of Chaoborus crystallinus larvae. 26 The time-dependent toxic effect of tested plant products may be due to the uptake of active compound by the snails, which progressively accumulated in the body with an increase exposure period. It is also possible that the active compound could change into more toxic forms in the aquarium water or in the snail ' s body in visible band spectra of light.…”

Bait Formulations of Chlorophyllin against Infected/Uninfected Lymnaea acuminata in Red and Sunlight

“…The effectiveness of chlorophyllin depends on light attenuation in the water body (Kessel and Smith, 1989;DeRosa and Crutchley, 2002). Erzinger et al (2011) tasted earlier that about 36 w mG 2 visible daylight are sufficient to induce photodynamic destruction of chaoborus crystallinus larva. Chlorophyllin can be also active in deeper horizons of the water column-depending on the light attenuation in water column .…”

Photoantimicrobials and Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy in Search of Antibiotics

“…FS ajan olarak kullanılabilecek yüzlerce bileşen keş-fedilmiştir. Bunlardan yaygın olarak kullanılanlar akridin boyaları, riboflavin, proflavin, metilen mavisi, toluidin mavisi O (TBO), floresan, eritrozin, porfirin, klorofil, filoeritrin, ftalosiyaninler ve türevleridir (16,42,47,48) .…”

“…Bir başka çalışmada da Sn(IV) porfirinin Acanthamoeba keratitinde fotodinamik aktiviteye sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir (43) . Akuatik ekosistemde parazit kontrolünü sağlamak için klorofil türevleri kullanılmış ve bu bileşiğin sinek larvaları üzerine öldü-rücü etki gösterdiği saptanmıştır (16) . Bundan başka kan ürünlerinden Malaria etkeninin inaktive edilmesinde de FDAT yararlanıla-bileceği belirtilmektedir (44) .…”