Optimization Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Anthocyanins from Raspberry Using Response Surface Methodology Coupled with Genetic Algorithm

Abstract

Raspberries have been reported to contain abundant anthocyanins and other active compounds. To extract anthocyanins from raspberries more efficiently, a novel procedure of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UADESE) was proposed in this paper. The extraction process was optimized by response surface methodology coupled with a genetic algorithm. The optimum extraction parameters to achieve the highest yield of anthocyanins 1.378 ± 0.009 mg/g from raspberry powder via UADESE were obtained at a water content of 29%, ultrasonic power of 210 W, extraction temperature of 51 °C and extraction time of 32 min. The AB-8 macroporous resin combined with the high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) method were further used to isolate and purify the anthocyanins extracts obtained under optimum extraction conditions, and the structure of purified anthocyanins components were identified by UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C-NMR spectra. The two anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside with a purity of 92.25% and cyanidin-3-rutinoside with a purity of 93.07%) identified were consistent with those present in raspberries. These findings provided an effective and feasible method for extraction, isolation and purification of anthocyanins from natural plant resources.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Incorporation in Edible Films

“…The most widely used, both in binary and ternary combinations, are citric acid, mal acid, lactic acid, glucose, fructose, xylose, glycerol and choline chloride [ 13 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. An important point is that in most of the jobs UAE is used as an extraction method because it has been proven that it has the advantage of being green, fast and clean, which improves the yield of anthocyanin extraction [ 13 , 19 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Anthocyanins from Blueberry Wine Residues: Optimization, Identification, and HepG2 Antitumor Activity

“…This effect might be because the addition of water effectively weakened the hydrogen bonding of DESs, resulting in a rapid decrease in viscosity [ 12 ], which was conducive to improve the solubility and the mass transfer rate of anthocyanins. Nevertheless, the anthocyanins yield significantly decreased when the water content continuously increased from 30% to 50% ( p < 0.05), which was because the excessively high water content increased the DESs polarity and decreased the solubility of anthocyanins in the DESs [ 11 ]. Thus, 20%, 30%, and 40% water contents were used in the subsequent experiments.…”

“…Nevertheless, a prominent decrease in the yield of anthocyanins from blueberry wine residues was observed when the extraction time was over 30 min ( p < 0.05). This phenomenon could be because the excessive extraction time led to the oxidative degradation of anthocyanins [ 11 ]. Hence, the extraction times used for the subsequent experiments were 20, 30, and 40 min.…”

“…DESs were prepared following the previous research with some modifications [ 11 ]. DESs consisted of two components with the specific ratios of HBA (choline chloride) to HBDs (glucose, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, glycol, and glycerol).…”

“…Increasing researches have reported that anthocyanins from raw plant materials were separated and purified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), column chromatography (CC) and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. However, the separation and the purification of anthocyanins from blueberry wine residues by UADESE has not yet been reported.…”