“…The advantage of this arrangement is that the moisture content of the cooled air remains unchanged. Hsu et al [4] carried out a theoretical and experimental study on two configurations of closed-loop wet surface heat exchangers to achieve sub-wet bulb temperature cooling through counter flow and cross flow air stream arrangements. Boxem et al [5] presented a model for a compact counter flow Indirect Evaporative Cooler with finned exchanger.…”
Section: B Indirect Evaporative Cooling and Sub Wet Bulb Temperaturementioning
Abstract-The paper presents a computer model and experimental results of a sub-wet bulb temperature evaporative cooling system for space cooling in buildings in hot and dry climates. The cooler uses porous ceramic materials as the wet media for water evaporation. Under selected test conditions of airflow dry bulb temperature of up to 45 o C and relative humidity of up to 50%, it was found that the supply air could be cooled to below the wet bulb temperature with a maximum cooling capacity of 280 W/m 2 of the wet ceramic surface area. It was also shown that the overall wet bulb effectiveness is greater than unity. This performance would make the system a potential alternative to conventional mechanical air conditioning systems in hot and dry regions.
“…The advantage of this arrangement is that the moisture content of the cooled air remains unchanged. Hsu et al [4] carried out a theoretical and experimental study on two configurations of closed-loop wet surface heat exchangers to achieve sub-wet bulb temperature cooling through counter flow and cross flow air stream arrangements. Boxem et al [5] presented a model for a compact counter flow Indirect Evaporative Cooler with finned exchanger.…”
Section: B Indirect Evaporative Cooling and Sub Wet Bulb Temperaturementioning
Abstract-The paper presents a computer model and experimental results of a sub-wet bulb temperature evaporative cooling system for space cooling in buildings in hot and dry climates. The cooler uses porous ceramic materials as the wet media for water evaporation. Under selected test conditions of airflow dry bulb temperature of up to 45 o C and relative humidity of up to 50%, it was found that the supply air could be cooled to below the wet bulb temperature with a maximum cooling capacity of 280 W/m 2 of the wet ceramic surface area. It was also shown that the overall wet bulb effectiveness is greater than unity. This performance would make the system a potential alternative to conventional mechanical air conditioning systems in hot and dry regions.
“…Hsu et al [11] performed an experimental study on a counter flow regenerative heat and mass exchanger and determined the primary air temperature distribution along the dry channels. The inlet air temperature was 34.2 • C and wet-bulb temperature was 15 • C. The comparison of experimental results with calculations is shown in Figure 5.…”
Abstract:The aim of this study is to determine which of the heat exchangers is characterized by the highest efficiency in different applications. Various types of evaporative air coolers were compared: a typical counter-flow unit, the same unit operating as a heat recovery exchanger, a regenerative unit and a novel, modified regenerative exchanger. The analysis includes comparing the work of evaporative heat exchangers during summer and winter season. The analysis is based on the original mathematical models. The numerical models are based on the modified ε-NTU (number of heat transfer units) method. It was established that selected arrangements of the presented exchangers are characterized by the different efficiency in different air-conditioning applications. The analysis faces the main construction aspects of those evaporative coolers and also compares two above-mentioned devices with modified regenerative air cooler, which can partly operate on cooled outdoor airflow and on the exhaust air from conditioned spaces. This solution can be applied in any climate and it is less dependent on the outdoor conditions. The second part of the study focuses on winter season and the potential of recovering heat with the same exchangers, but with dry working air channels. This allows establishing their total potential of generating energy savings during the annual operation.
“…The thermal performance of a wet plastic plate heat exchanger was also analyzed numerically by Hsieh [6], who obtained a good congruence between the numerical results and experimental data by applying the wetting factor concept. Hsu et al [7] studied the performance of three laboratory wet-surface heat exchanger models: unidirectional, counter flow and a counter-flow closed loop configuration. They also compared a cross-flow closed-loop commercial unit.…”
An evaporative cooling system (ECS) has a number of benefits. First and foremost, it will use only a fraction of the energy of typical compressor-based cooling systems. ECS's is divided into three different types: 1) direct evaporative coolers (DECs), 2) indirect evaporative coolers (IECs), and (3) a combined system of direct and indirect evaporative coolers (DIECs). Although the DEC is simple and economical, the efficiency is low, as it cannot achieve a cooling temperature lower than wet bulb temperature. While some IECs or DIECs can achieve a higher performance, the system is complex and the initial cost is high. This paper presents a theoretical model of a combined compact evaporative cooler (CCEC), which utilizes thin film evaporation. To verify the model, the prediction has compared with experimental data, and results show that the model can be used to predict the effects of relative humidity and air flow rate based on the wet bulb effectiveness and dew point effectiveness in this CCEC system. Most importantly, it shows that this CCEC system can achieve an ultra-high cooling efficiency.
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