Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoid Compounds and Antioxidants from Alfalfa Using Response Surface Method

Abstract

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to extract flavonoid-enriched antioxidants from alfalfa aerial part. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a four-factor, five-level central composite design (CCD), was employed to obtain the optimal extraction parameters, in which the flavonoid content was maximum and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was strongest. Radical scavenging capacity of the extracts, which represents the amounts of antioxidants in alfalfa, was determined by using 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonicacid) (ABTS) and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. The results showed good fit with the proposed models for the total flavonoid extraction (R 2 = 0.9849), for the antioxidant extraction assayed by ABTS method (R 2 = 0.9764), and by DPPH method (R 2 = 0.9806). Optimized extraction conditions for total flavonoids was a ratio of liquid to solid of 57.16 mL/g, 62.33 °C, 57.08 min, and 52.14% ethanol. The optimal extraction parameters of extracts for the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH method was a ratio of liquid to solid 60.3 mL/g, 54.56 °C, 45.59 min, and 46.67% ethanol, and by ABTS assay was a ratio of liquid to solid 47.29 mL/g, 63.73 °C, 51.62 min, and 60% ethanol concentration. Our work offers optimal extraction conditions for total flavonoids and antioxidants from alfalfa.

Development of a sample preparation strategy for the determination of tungsten in soil samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a response surface methodology

“…32,34,35 Among the variables and according to Table 2, temperature is the most significant factor (P < 0.01), while extraction time is significant. Additionally, the individual effects of HCl and phosphoric acid are statistically insignificant.…”

“…34 CCD, on the other hand, is one of the most commonly used RSM designs 35 and all the other basic terms of the chemometric techniques were outlined elsewhere. 43,44 In the present study, CCD was used to optimize the extraction parameters for W solubilization with the Kjeldahl instrument from soil samples.…”

Optimization Methods for the Extraction of Vegetable Oils: A Review

“…The result of this collapse are physico-chemical and mechanical effects which provoke disruption of material matrix, facilitating release of extractable compounds and aiding the movement of the solvent into the sample thus increasing the release of target compounds from matrix into the solvent [53]. Even with the advent of some other novel techniques of extraction such as microwaves, UAE is preferred by some researchers because among other factors it is highly efficient and saves time [54]. Wang and Wei [55] demonstrated that an increase in ultrasonic power led to an increase in oil yield that, however, dropped significantly when ultrasonic power exceeded 90 W (optimal ultrasonic power).…”

Optimization of Cardioprotective Potential of Various Concentrations of Medicinal Plants by Using Response Surface Methodology

“…Therefore, main advantage of RSM is to reduce the number of experiments necessary to conduct the research. Thus, it results in decrease in the consumption of materials and provide most appropriate dose of selected herb (Jing et al, 2015). Keeping in view the above facts, in this study the dose response relation of seven selected medicinal plants was evaluated for their cardioprotective potential against salbutamol induced CVD in rats by using RSM.…”