Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant capacities

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Krast, commonly known as “Lingzhi” in Chinese, is a medicinal mushroom that is rich in biologically active substances. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the two major components responsible for the bioactivity of this fungus. In the present study, the ultrasonic-assisted co-extraction (UACE) of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from G. lucidum was optimized using response surface methodology with a desirability function, with the equal importance for the two components. Following single factor experiments, the optimal conditions were determine as ultrasonic power of 210 W, extraction temperature of 80C, ratio of liquid to solid of 50 mL/g, and 100 min extraction time, using aqueous ethanol (50%, v/v) as the extracting solvent. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction yields of polysaccharides and triterpenoids reached 0.63% and 0.38%, respectively. On the basis of the scavenging capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and evaluation of reducing power, the antioxidant capacities of the polysaccharides obtained by optimal UACE process were higher than those of polysaccharides extracted using traditional hot water extraction, whereas the triterpenoid-rich extracts showed antioxidant activities similar to those obtained using the ethanol maceration method. The present study is the first report on the simultaneous extraction of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from G. lucidum. The developed UACE process could be useful in preparation of a polysaccharide- and triterpenoid-rich ingredient that holds great promise for application in the Ganoderma industry.

Microwave- and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Cucurbitane-Type Triterpenoids from Momordica charantia L. Cultivars and Their Antiproliferative Effect on SAS Human Oral Cancer Cells

“…However, when compared with microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction is less robust, and the particle size is also a critical factor [ 27 ]. Zheng et al (2020) [ 28 ] showed that the triterpenoid yield increased as the extraction temperature changed from 40 °C to 80 °C and then decreased above 80 °C by microwave. The bitter melon extracts were heated at various temperatures, including 30, 60, and 100 °C, and the samples were collected at 5 min intervals for saponin.…”

“…The extraction efficiency of microwave-assisted extraction is related to the mechanical effects of the rotation of molecules, which are due to a microwave-induced dipole, causing the migration of the ions, which can improve the penetration of the solvent into the matrix. This disrupts the cell wall, thereby releasing the intracellular products, permitting the dissolution of components that are to be extracted [ 28 , 29 ].…”

Antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and nevro-protective activity of Ganoderma lucidum: An overview

“…Wang et al isolated some triterpenoids. Two of them, Lingzhin E and Lingzhin F, exhibited antioxidant activity by the ABTS method Zheng et al (2020) used ethanol maceration to extract the triterpenoids and evaluated their antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, which depends on the concentration of terpenoids. Zhu et al (1999) mentioned that the fraction with terpenes consisted of ganoderic acids A, B, C, and D, lucidic acid B and ganodermanontriol as the main compounds, and were noted to have the strongest antioxidant effect.…”

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polyphenols from the polyherbal formulation of Cinnamomum verum, Origanum majorana, and Origanum vulgare and their anti-diabetic capacity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…Consequently, new extraction methods have emerged, in the last decades, including sonication, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, fluidized-bed extraction, and pressurized-liquid extraction ( Saleh et al., 2020 ). A rapid, simple, and effective extraction method is the use of ultrasonic waves to produce cavitation in the solvent, increasing the penetration of solvent considerably into the plant material ( Zheng et al., 2020 ). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) compared to other extraction methods, is a green technology that provides a simplified manipulation, a high reproducibility in a shorter time, decrease in temperature, reduction in organic solvent intake, and high efficiency with lower energy consumption ( Fan et al., 2016 ).…”