“…Higher temperatures consequentially led to lowering surface tension, which further allows better pore filling and solubilization of phenols [21,35]. Similar findings, which state that only temperature exhibits an important influence, were determined in studies where SWE was used for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Satureja montana, Symphytum officinale, Coriandrum sativum, and Allium ursinum [20,21,36,37]. the nature of the material and their distribution in matrix, as well as stability.…”
Section: Determination Of Total Phenols Contentsupporting
confidence: 67%
“…The same findings were recorded by Singh and Saldana [28], who discovered that a higher yield of phenolics was extracted from potato peel at temperatures ranging from 140 to 180 • C. A further rise in temperature up to 240 • C affected the efficiency of the extraction and produced a lower yield of phenols [28]. In addition, in a previous study in which winter savory, purple coneflower, and comfrey root were used as a sources of polyphenols, the optimal SWE process parameters were as follows: 200 • C and 20.8 min [20]; 148 • C and 17.8 min [29]; 200 • C, 25.6 min, and 0.0075% HCl [21], respectively.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In SWE, temperature represents the most significant influencing factor because an increase in temperature leads to better mass transfer between the matrix and media, solubility of solutes, and diffusion rate at a lower solvent viscosity and surface tension [18][19][20][21]. Extraction time is also an important factor that can significantly impact the quality of extracts, because long-term exposure to high temperature can cause degradation of bioactive components or formation of new antioxidants [20,22,23]. Furthermore, to secure as feasible a process as possible, it is necessary to optimize the process conditions in terms of minimal energy consumption and operational costs.…”
In the present study, valorization of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) by-product from the filter tea industry was investigated through the application of subcritical water for the extraction of bioactive compounds. The influence of different process parameters (temperature 120–200 °C, extraction time 10–30 min, and HCl concentration in extraction solvent 0–1.5%) on extract quality in terms of content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was investigated. Optimal conditions of the extraction process (temperature 198 °C, extraction time 16.5 min, and without acidifer) were determined and, when applied, the most efficient exploitation of by-products is achieved, that is, attainment of extracts rich in total phenols and flavonoids and high antioxidant activity. In addition, by applying the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis, the content of chlorogenic acid was determined as well as the hydroxymethylfurfural content in obtained extracts. The results demonstrated that subcritical water can be successfully used for utilization of yarrow by-products for obtaining extracts rich in antioxidants.
“…Higher temperatures consequentially led to lowering surface tension, which further allows better pore filling and solubilization of phenols [21,35]. Similar findings, which state that only temperature exhibits an important influence, were determined in studies where SWE was used for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Satureja montana, Symphytum officinale, Coriandrum sativum, and Allium ursinum [20,21,36,37]. the nature of the material and their distribution in matrix, as well as stability.…”
Section: Determination Of Total Phenols Contentsupporting
confidence: 67%
“…The same findings were recorded by Singh and Saldana [28], who discovered that a higher yield of phenolics was extracted from potato peel at temperatures ranging from 140 to 180 • C. A further rise in temperature up to 240 • C affected the efficiency of the extraction and produced a lower yield of phenols [28]. In addition, in a previous study in which winter savory, purple coneflower, and comfrey root were used as a sources of polyphenols, the optimal SWE process parameters were as follows: 200 • C and 20.8 min [20]; 148 • C and 17.8 min [29]; 200 • C, 25.6 min, and 0.0075% HCl [21], respectively.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In SWE, temperature represents the most significant influencing factor because an increase in temperature leads to better mass transfer between the matrix and media, solubility of solutes, and diffusion rate at a lower solvent viscosity and surface tension [18][19][20][21]. Extraction time is also an important factor that can significantly impact the quality of extracts, because long-term exposure to high temperature can cause degradation of bioactive components or formation of new antioxidants [20,22,23]. Furthermore, to secure as feasible a process as possible, it is necessary to optimize the process conditions in terms of minimal energy consumption and operational costs.…”
In the present study, valorization of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) by-product from the filter tea industry was investigated through the application of subcritical water for the extraction of bioactive compounds. The influence of different process parameters (temperature 120–200 °C, extraction time 10–30 min, and HCl concentration in extraction solvent 0–1.5%) on extract quality in terms of content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was investigated. Optimal conditions of the extraction process (temperature 198 °C, extraction time 16.5 min, and without acidifer) were determined and, when applied, the most efficient exploitation of by-products is achieved, that is, attainment of extracts rich in total phenols and flavonoids and high antioxidant activity. In addition, by applying the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis, the content of chlorogenic acid was determined as well as the hydroxymethylfurfural content in obtained extracts. The results demonstrated that subcritical water can be successfully used for utilization of yarrow by-products for obtaining extracts rich in antioxidants.
“…Under subcritical conditions, the hydrogen bonds rupture and the dielectric constant decreases (ε = 80 to 25 C for ε = 36 to 190 C), which makes the water close to those of organic solvents such as methanol (ε = 33 at 25 C) and ethanol (ε = 24 at 25 C) (Lu, Chen, Wang, Yang, & Qi, 2016;Teo, Tan, Yong, Hew, & Ong, 2010;Zhang et al, 2019). The solubility of water can be altered with increasing temperature, as the viscosity decreases, favoring solubility and increasing the rate of diffusion (Vladi c et al, 2017;Zakaria & Kamal, 2016).…”
The aim of this study was to submit the asparagus by‐product to the subcritical water treatment, evaluating the extraction of antioxidants compounds (AC) and total reducing sugars (TRS), as well as, the composition and technological properties of the residual material. The effects of temperature (100–160 °C) and pressure (100–200 bar) on extraction were evaluated, for total extraction time of 120 min. The results showed that the increase in temperature favored the removal of AC and this variable did not cause modification of most of the compounds identified by mass spectra analysis. The highest removal of AC was observed up to 30 min. The increase in temperature decreased the TRS content. The pressure did not affect the extraction of sugars and AC in the conditions evaluated. The treatment was efficient for the modification of the physico‐chemical composition and technological properties of residual material, reducing the TRS content and improving the ratio of soluble fiber to insoluble fiber.
Practical applications
Asparagus by‐product can be an interesting source of nutrients, like dietary fiber and antioxidant compounds. To maximize the antioxidant yield obtained from this by‐product, it can be used the subcritical water extraction (SWE) that is considered a green solvent. Besides this, the SWE promotes the concentration of dietary fibers of the treated material, due to the sugars removal, and improves the functional properties, which can facilitate the utilization of this material in the development of new food products.
“…Apart from this, frequent use in traditional medicine and overall increase of interest in natural remedies has also been a basis for scientific research conducted for the purposes of confirming S. montana's biological activities. Significant antioxidative potential of S. montana was confirmed for essential oil, extracts obtained by conventional extraction methods, as well as extracts obtained by modern extraction methods (Ćavar et al, 2008;Grosso et al, 2009;Serrano et al, 2011;Vidović et al, 2014;Vladić et al, 2017b). In addition to its antioxidative activity, winter savory possesses antimicrobial, diuretic, antiproliferative, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, and anti-HIV-1 activity (Ćavar et al, 2014;Četojević Simin et al, 2004;Prieto et al, 2007;Serrano et al, 2011;Skočibušić and Bezić, 2004;Stanic and Samaržija, 1993;Vidović et al, 2014;Vladić et al, 2017a;2016;Yamasaki et al, 1998).…”
The influence of Satureja montana extracts on several liver biochemical parameters in mice administered with carbon tetrachloride was estimated. In vivo investigation of antioxidant properties of S. montana extracts encompassed monitoring of biochemical parameters (derived from liver homogenate and blood hydrolyzate) and examination of potential hepatoprotective effect after intoxication with carbon tetrachloride. Biochemical tests included determination of activity of several antioxidant enzymes: xanthine oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, amount of reduced glutathione and intensity of lipid peroxidation. In order to obtain data about the potent hepatoprotective effect of examined extracts, the following parameters were determined: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, hepatic DNA and hydroxyprolin. Results of this study demonstrate that S. montana extracts inhibited the hepatotoxicity produced by carbon tetrachloride administration most probably through activation of physiological common defense mechanisms.
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