Optimization of photovoltaic battery swapping station based on weather/traffic forecasts and speed variable charging

A Survey of Battery Swapping Stations for Electric Vehicles: Operation Modes and Decision Scenarios

“…Owing to the uncertainties in PV-BSSs (e.g., swapping demand, PV generation, weather conditions, and traffic load), some forecasting models that use statistics and machine learning techniques have been proposed [47], [48]. A dayahead scheduling model is proposed in [47] to use the chance-constrained programming method, which describes the uncertainty of stochastic variables and then applies them to optimization model by minimizing the cost of electricity purchased from the power In model, the swap and solar uncertainties are formulated with probabilistic sequences of stochastic variables.…”

“…A dayahead scheduling model is proposed in [47] to use the chance-constrained programming method, which describes the uncertainty of stochastic variables and then applies them to optimization model by minimizing the cost of electricity purchased from the power In model, the swap and solar uncertainties are formulated with probabilistic sequences of stochastic variables. In [48], the authors forecast solar power with the use of real data (e.g., irradiation, temperature, humidity, wind direction, air density, and pressure) and machine learning models (e.g., neural network, XG-Boost, random forecast, and decision tree). After combining the BSS dataflow and the weather forecast, the traffic flow to the BSS and the generation of PV power can be predicted.…”

“…Among the references, works that consider multiple decision makers include the following. In the charging schedule scenario, six of the works [48]- [50], [52], [53] have both the BSS operator and the power grid as decision makers. In the service policy scenario, references [26], [57], [59] are determined by the BSS operator and the EV driver, while reference [61] is determined by the EV driver and the power grid.…”

A mathematical programming model for optimal fleet management of electric car-sharing systems with Vehicle-to-Grid operations

“…The schedules turn out to be much smoother (without fluctuations) for low charging/discharging speeds and low battery capacities scenarios. From the battery degradation point of view, low charging/ discharging speeds may be preferable, especially without adequate temperature management (Wu et al, 2019;Feng et al, 2020). However, in the proposed model, the optimal charge/discharge schedules search does not consider possible battery degradation.…”

Battery Swapping Stations for Electric Vehicles

“…Transporting a large number of centrally charged batteries usually requires the use of a logistics system. The battery charging strategies and schedules, location of BSSs as well as their construction have received much attention from researchers [3,10,13,[20][21][22]24]. Due to constraints such as a geographical location, a limited availability of BSSs and overcrowding at stations, there is a need to design a more flexible and efficient EV battery swap architecture.…”