Optimization of in vitro growth conditions of Pyrenophora teres for production of the phytotoxin aspergillomarasmine A

Weiergang, Inge; Jørgensen, Hans Jørgen Lyngs; Møller, Ian Max; Friis, Palle; Smedegaard‐Petersen, V.

doi:10.1006/pmpp.2002.0383

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Significantly, PTT isolate W1-1 has the largest number of NRPs and PK-NRPs BGCs yet reported. These may have evolutionary significance since PTT’s most phytotoxic NRP alkaloids, N -(2-amino-2-carboxythyl)-aspartic acid (toxin A) and aspergillomarasmine A (toxin C), have been associated to disease severity ( Bach et al, 1979 ; Weiergang et al, 2002 ). Interestingly, many of the predicted NRP BGCs in the genomes of P. teres are non-canonical since some of the main enzymatic domains (e.g., adenylation, peptidyl carrier protein, condensation, and/or thioesterase domains) appear to be missing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transposable Element Genomic Fissuring in Pyrenophora teres Is Associated With Genome Expansion and Dynamics of Host–Pathogen Genetic Interactions

et al. 2018

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Pyrenophora teres, P. teres f. teres (PTT) and P. teres f. maculata (PTM) cause significant diseases in barley, but little is known about the large-scale genomic differences that may distinguish the two forms. Comprehensive genome assemblies were constructed from long DNA reads, optical and genetic maps. As repeat masking in fungal genomes influences the final gene annotations, an accurate and reproducible pipeline was developed to ensure comparability between isolates. The genomes of the two forms are highly collinear, each composed of 12 chromosomes. Genome evolution in P. teres is characterized by genome fissuring through the insertion and expansion of transposable elements (TEs), a process that isolates blocks of genic sequence. The phenomenon is particularly pronounced in PTT, which has a larger, more repetitive genome than PTM and more recent transposon activity measured by the frequency and size of genome fissures. PTT has a longer cultivated host association and, notably, a greater range of host–pathogen genetic interactions compared to other Pyrenophora spp., a property which associates better with genome size than pathogen lifestyle. The two forms possess similar complements of TE families with Tc1/Mariner and LINE-like Tad-1 elements more abundant in PTT. Tad-1 was only detectable as vestigial fragments in PTM and, within the forms, differences in genome sizes and the presence and absence of several TE families indicated recent lineage invasions. Gene differences between P. teres forms are mainly associated with gene-sparse regions near or within TE-rich regions, with many genes possessing characteristics of fungal effectors. Instances of gene interruption by transposons resulting in pseudogenization were detected in PTT. In addition, both forms have a large complement of secondary metabolite gene clusters indicating significant capacity to produce an array of different molecules. This study provides genomic resources for functional genetics to help dissect factors underlying the host–pathogen interactions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transposable Element Genomic Fissuring in Pyrenophora teres Is Associated With Genome Expansion and Dynamics of Host–Pathogen Genetic Interactions

et al. 2018

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“…L,L- N -(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl) aspartic acid ( 520 ), anhydroaspergillomarasmine A ( 521 ) and aspergillomarasmine A ( 522 ) were isolated as phytotoxic metabolites from the liquid culture of Pyrenophora teres (anamorph: Drechslera teres , syn: Helminthosporium teres ), the causal agent of net bloch of barley, a serious disease common in humid and temperate climates. Tested on detached barley leaves, L,L- N -(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl) aspartic acid ( 520 ), and aspergillomarasmine A ( 522 ) induced chlorotic and necrotic symptoms, while only aspergillomarasmine A ( 522 ) showed weak phytotoxicity [ 331 ].…”

Section: Nitrogen-containing Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chenopodolin (331) was an unrearranged ent-pimaradiene diterpene isolated from the pathogen Phoma chenopodiicola, which was proposed for the biological control of Chenopodium album, a common worldwide weed of arable crops such as sugar beet and maize. At concentration of 2 mg/mL, the compound caused necrotic lesions on the leaves of Mercurialis annua, Cirsium arvense, and Setaria viride [220].…”

Section: Diterpenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytotoxic Secondary Metabolites from Fungi

Xue

Shen

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Fungal phytotoxic secondary metabolites are poisonous substances to plants produced by fungi through naturally occurring biochemical reactions. These metabolites exhibit a high level of diversity in their properties, such as structures, phytotoxic activities, and modes of toxicity. They are mainly isolated from phytopathogenic fungal species in the genera of Alternaria, Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, and Phoma. Phytotoxins are either host specific or non-host specific phytotoxins. Up to now, at least 545 fungal phytotoxic secondary metabolites, including 207 polyketides, 46 phenols and phenolic acids, 135 terpenoids, 146 nitrogen-containing metabolites, and 11 others, have been reported. Among them, aromatic polyketides and sesquiterpenoids are the main phytotoxic compounds. This review summarizes their chemical structures, sources, and phytotoxic activities. We also discuss their phytotoxic mechanisms and structure–activity relationships to lay the foundation for the future development and application of these promising metabolites as herbicides.

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“…teres were obtained from Morten Rasmussen, Svalö f Weibull AB, Svalö v, Sweden, and Hans Lyngs Jørgensen, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark. Cultures were grown on grass agar for spore production, essentially as described (Weiergang et al, 2002b). Spores were harvested, suspended in water and diluted to a concentration of 13 000 mL À1 .…”

Section: Maintenance and Inoculation Procedures For Pyrenophora Teresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barley lesion mimics, supersusceptible or highly resistant to leaf rust and net blotch

Wright

Azarang²,

Falk

2012

Plant Pathology

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Lesion mimic mutants of plants have the feature of spontaneously displaying necrotic spots or bands on their leaves. Lesion mimics have often displayed enhanced resistance to biotrophic pathogens whilst showing increased susceptibility to necrotrophs. This paper identifies three novel, non-allelic mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare), which spontaneously form necrotic leaf lesions: Necrotic leaf spot 9.3091 (nec9.3091), Mottled leaf 8.1661 (mtt8.1661) and Mottled leaf 9.2721 (mtt9.2721). The Necrotic leaf spot 8.3550 mutant (nec8.3550), formerly known as bst1, was included in the study because it is a lesion mimic mutant belonging to the same original pool. The reactions of the mutants to the biotroph Puccinia hordei and the necrotroph Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres were investigated. Mutants nec8.3550 and mtt8.1661 were more resistant than the parental Bowman near-isogenic line with the Rph3.c gene (Bowman Rph3.c, NGB 22452) to leaf rust, caused by P. hordei. Mutants nec8.3550, mtt8.1661 and mtt9.2721 were more susceptible than Bowman Rph3.c to net blotch, caused by P. teres f. sp. teres. Autofluorescence was detected in leaf tissues of all mutants. Based on the high expression of the PR1 and Hv-HIR genes, combined with the low susceptibility to P. hordei, nec8.3550 appears to have entered a state of systemic acquired resistance, which is quite distinct from the resistance expressed in mtt8.1661. The latter mutant has low or no expression of PR1 and Hv-HIR genes, yet it is highly resistant to rust. It is also extremely susceptible to net blotch. These mutants can serve as genetic sources of novel disease resistance for barley improvement.

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Optimization of in vitro growth conditions of Pyrenophora teres for production of the phytotoxin aspergillomarasmine A

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Transposable Element Genomic Fissuring in Pyrenophora teres Is Associated With Genome Expansion and Dynamics of Host–Pathogen Genetic Interactions

Transposable Element Genomic Fissuring in Pyrenophora teres Is Associated With Genome Expansion and Dynamics of Host–Pathogen Genetic Interactions

Phytotoxic Secondary Metabolites from Fungi

Barley lesion mimics, supersusceptible or highly resistant to leaf rust and net blotch

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