Optimization of Graptophyllum pictum leaves extraction using a simplex centroid design focused on extracting flavonoids with antioxidant activity

Abstract

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff, which is called "daun ungu" in Indonesia, is a medicinal plant that contained flavonoids with antioxidant activity. The different extractor solvents (water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol) and their combinations were studied using a simplex centroid design through the Design Expert 13.0 program. From the optimized crude extract, it was investigated for total flavonoid content (TFC) using the colorimetric method (AlCl 3 ), as well as the antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The optimum condition was obtained at a desirability value of 0.745 with a water solvent system at a proportion of 1.00 (100%) which resulted in a TFC of 10.464 mg QE/g DW, the antioxidant activity of DPPH 2.179 µmol TE/g DW, and FRAP 22.009 µmol TE/g DW. The method was verified and analyzed based on the percentage of residual standard error, which resulted in <5% so that the predicted and actual results were not significantly different. These results indicate that the simplex centroid design can optimize flavonoid compounds with potent antioxidant activity from G. pictum leaves.

Optimization of Solvent Sonication-Maceration for Enhancing Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Portulaca oleracea L. Extract Using the Simplex Centroid Design Method

“…The experimental method closely followed the procedures outlined in a previous study by Makkiyah et al 18 The simplex centroid design was employed using Design Expert software, comprising 4 solvent components (water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol) to optimize the extraction of P. oleracea. The extraction process was carried out by combining 4 grams of purslane aerial parts with 40 mL designated solvent, as shown in Table 1.…”

“…14 Several studies also successfully applied SCD to optimize the extraction process of various plant materials, including Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB., 15 cardamom fruit, 16 Justicia gendarussa Burm.f, 17 and purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum). 18 Despite the significant pharmacological potential of purslane, there are limited reports on optimizing the extraction solvent for total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity in the extract. This indicates that the exploration to identify the ideal solvent or combination of solvents to achieve the highest TPC, coupled with potent antioxidant capacity remains largely unexplored.…”

D-Optimal Mixture Design in Sonication-Maceration Solvent Extraction of Total Phenolic and Antibacterial Activity from Acanthus ilicifolius Leaves

“…The extraction of samples was conducted using sonication-maceration techniques, using previously established methodologies with minor adjustments. 15 To provide a concise overview, the experimental procedure involved the mixing of 30 g of the sample with 150 mL of solvent, as specified in Table 1. The combination underwent sonication (Decon F5 Major, Decon Laboratories, US) for a duration of 30 minutes, followed by maceration for a period of 3 h in a water bath shaker (DAIHAN WiseBath, South Korea) maintained at a temperature of 30°C.…”

“…Nonetheless, the process is subject to various factors such as the choice of extraction solvents, the ratio of sample to solvent, the duration and method of extraction, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the sample matrix. [15][16][17] The existing research does not present a consensus regarding a singular, effective standard extraction procedure or the optimal extraction solvent. Multiple studies have found that solid-liquid extraction employing various solvents is the most efficient method, with solvents of higher polarity often exhibiting enhanced solubility of polyphenols in the extraction process.…”

D-optimal Design Optimization of Solvent Mixture for Flavonoid Extraction from Phalaenopsis Leaves with Antioxidant Activity

“…The conventional method for designing these mixtures is manual, in which the solvent conditions are determined manually. [ 8 ] There are also more complex methods, such as statistical applications, such as simplex-lattice, simplex-centroid, or D-optimal design. The D-optimal design has been used in various fields, including the formulation of hard candy with antiviral herbal extracts, development of tablet formulations as dietary supplements, and determination of the combination of cassava and coconut composite flour for high-quality fillers in chicken sausages.…”