Abstract:Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a new class of bio-inspired composite materials made from different material phases, in which their volume fraction changes gradually towards a particular direction. Accordingly, continuous changes in the composition, microstructure and porosity of the graded materials results in material properties gradients; for this reason, the material properties move smoothly and continuously from one surface to another, eliminating the interface problem. Hence, with appropriate de… Show more
“…Because these components have gradation in hardness and flexibility, functionally graded structures may be observed in nature, such as human bones and teeth, animal tissues, and bamboo plants [2,18,35,36]. FGMs are categorized into four groups.…”
Section: Classification Of Functionally Graded Materialsmentioning
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a new type of heterogeneous composites defined by a continuous change of properties along at least one direction. Their properties lead to achievement requirements of applications due to the development of industries such as aerospace, automotive, machinery, and biomaterials. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with a continuous change in reinforcement volume in one matrix alloy direction are functionally graded metallic alloys (FGMAs). Recent developments in FGMAs casting technology, including processing processes, potential applications, and mechanical characteristics, are discussed. Several casting processes, including centrifugal casting, squeeze casting combined with stir casting, sequential casting method (liquid-liquid casting), cast-decant-cast, and compound casting (liquid-solid casting) can be used to make various engineering components for FGMAs, such as pipes, shafts, gears, bushings, hammers, and rolls. Future trends and recommendations for future FGMAs manufacturing with improved characteristics, cost-effectiveness, and mass production are offered based on the scope of this review.
“…Because these components have gradation in hardness and flexibility, functionally graded structures may be observed in nature, such as human bones and teeth, animal tissues, and bamboo plants [2,18,35,36]. FGMs are categorized into four groups.…”
Section: Classification Of Functionally Graded Materialsmentioning
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a new type of heterogeneous composites defined by a continuous change of properties along at least one direction. Their properties lead to achievement requirements of applications due to the development of industries such as aerospace, automotive, machinery, and biomaterials. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with a continuous change in reinforcement volume in one matrix alloy direction are functionally graded metallic alloys (FGMAs). Recent developments in FGMAs casting technology, including processing processes, potential applications, and mechanical characteristics, are discussed. Several casting processes, including centrifugal casting, squeeze casting combined with stir casting, sequential casting method (liquid-liquid casting), cast-decant-cast, and compound casting (liquid-solid casting) can be used to make various engineering components for FGMAs, such as pipes, shafts, gears, bushings, hammers, and rolls. Future trends and recommendations for future FGMAs manufacturing with improved characteristics, cost-effectiveness, and mass production are offered based on the scope of this review.
“…Multi-layered configurations were used to model the FG structure and each layer was assumed to behave as a homogeneous isotropic linearly elastic material, except for ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, which was modeled as an elastic-plastic material. The topology optimization was carried out by Ramírez-Gil et al [158] for cylindrical steel plates in ANSYS APDL. The optimization problem required an FEA at each iteration and used the equivalent static load method to convert the dynamic loads to static loads.…”
Several additive manufacturing processes are capable of fabricating three-dimensional parts with complex distribution of material composition to achieve desired local properties and functions. This unique advantage could be exploited by developing and implementing methodologies capable of optimizing the distribution of material composition for one-, two-, and three-dimensional parts. This paper is the first effort to review the research works on developing these methods. The underlying components (i.e., building blocks) in all of these methods include the homogenization approach, material representation technique, finite element analysis approach, and the choice of optimization algorithm. The overall performance of each method mainly depends on these components and how they work together. For instance, if a simple one-dimensional analytical equation is used to represent the material composition distribution, the finite element analysis and optimization would be straightforward, but it does not have the versatility of a method which uses an advanced representation technique. In this paper, evolution of these methods is followed; noteworthy homogenization approaches, representation techniques, finite element analysis approaches, and optimization algorithms used/developed in these studies are described; and most powerful design methods are identified, explained, and compared against each other. Also, manufacturing techniques, capable of producing functionally graded materials with complex material distribution, are reviewed; and future research directions are discussed.
“…8 Figure 2. The yearly publication on functionally graded materials (based on the web of science database from 2001 to 2021). Figure 3. Example of naturally available FGM. 9–12 The dental crown is an excellent example of FGM; it needs a ductile inner part to avoid fatigue failure and a brittle outer core to reduce the wear rate. 13 FGM can provide high-temperature and corrosion resistance and withstand high loads with a low wear rate.…”
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are specially designed composite materials that gradually change their material properties. This distinctive property of materials comes with new challenges in the design and manufacturing sector. For such challenges, the best options are material property computation and material modelling using different computational materials science (CMS) algorithms. This review paper provides enriched information on CMS with an overview of the available FGM production techniques with a detailed study of FGM use in biomedical applications based on the available literature over the past couple of decades.
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