Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for the palm oil mill effluent treatment by using rice husk ash

Huzir, Nurhamieza Md; Aziz, Maniruzzaman A.; Shah, Ismail; Mahmood, Nik Hasnaa Nik; Umor, Noor Azrimi; Muhammad, Syed Anuar Faua’ad Syed

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111482

Cited by 54 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…To overcome these limitations, response surface methodology (RSM), a statistical method was introduced as a better alternative for the optimization process. This statistical approach helps to quantify the relationship between the influencing factors with a limited number of experiment runs by varying all the influencing factors simultaneously 18 . The use of RSM consists of five steps: (1) selecting the influences factors (independence factors); (2) choosing the suitable experiment design; (3) conducting experiment and data processing; (4) evaluating the model adequacy and fitness; and lastly (5) determining the optimum condition 19 .…”

Section: Synthesis Graft Copolymerization Of Le-g-dmcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave radiation-induced grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride onto lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) as an emerging high-performance plant-based grafted coagulant

Chua

Kait

Mustafa

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The importance of graft copolymerization in the field of polymer science is analogous to the importance of alloying in the field of metals. This is attribute to the ability of the grafting method to regulate the properties of polymer 'tailor-made' according to specific needs. This paper described a novel plantbased coagulant, LE-g-DMC that synthesized through grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) onto the backbone of the lentil extract. The grafting process was optimized through the response surface methodology (RSM) using three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Under optimum conditions, a promising grafting percentage of 120% was achieved. Besides, characterization study including SEM, zeta potential, TGA, FTIR and EDX were used to confirm the grafting of the DMC monomer chain onto the backbone of lentil extract. The grafted coagulant, LE-g-DMC outperformed lentil extract and alum in turbidity reduction and effective across a wide range of pH from pH 4 to pH 10. Besides, the use of LE-g-DMC as coagulant produced flocs with excellent settling ability (5.09 mL/g) and produced the least amount of sludge. Therefore, from an application and economic point of views, LE-g-DMC was superior to native lentil extract coagulant and commercial chemical coagulant, alum.Coagulation-flocculation is one of the most widely used treatment processes for the removal of turbidity, colloid, dissolved solid, organic matter and suspended solid in surface water and industrial wastewater 1 . Due to its simplicity, cost-effective and efficient properties, this process has been extensively used for various wastewater treatments such as textile wastewater 2 , agro-wastewater 3 , landfill leachates 4 , pulp and paper mill wastewater 5 and others. Some of the chemical coagulants that commonly used for the wastewater treatment are aluminium sulphate, ferric sulphate, ferric chloride and polyaluminium chloride. However, the usage of these chemicals poses several drawbacks, such as adverse effects on human health, relatively high cost, production of large sludge volumes and others 6 . It is, therefore, desirable to have an alternative material that is effective, environmentally friendly and economically viable to replace the current synthetic coagulants.

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Section: Synthesis Graft Copolymerization Of Le-g-dmcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave radiation-induced grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride onto lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) as an emerging high-performance plant-based grafted coagulant

Chua

Kait

Mustafa

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The FTIR spectra showed peaks at 3246 cm −1 , 1597 cm −1 , 1408 cm −1 , 1255 cm −1 , 1036 cm −1 , and 610–870 cm −1 ( Figure 5 b). These peaks corresponded to hydroxyl ions (O-H stretching), fatty acid and lipids (C-H linkage stretching), aliphatic methylene groups [ 36 ], nitrogen compound (C=N stretching), lignin [ 37 ], C-O stretching of polysaccharides, phosphorus compounds (P=O stretching), short C chains (humic acids), and inorganics (Si-O complex), respectively [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Moreover, the peak at 1231 cm −1 that was assigned to the stretching vibration of P=O in POME disappeared in EPS, but it was observed at low intensity on the fouled membrane surfaces.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absence of a P=O peak has previously been attributed to mineral complexes and phosphorus precipitation on membrane surfaces [ 39 ]. The presence of inorganic peaks, silica complexes, and humic acid formation [ 36 ] were found at the membrane surfaces, which will be discussed in the inorganic foulant section. Moreover, the peak at 864 cm −1 (peak 7), which was related to the stretching vibration of C–O–C from glycosidic bonds, was found in fouled membranes and Zone C of the EPS.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment

et al. 2021

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The characteristics of foulant in the cake layer and bulk suspended solids of a 10 L submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) used for treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated in this study. Three different organic loading rates (OLRs) were applied with prolonged sludge retention time throughout a long operation time (270 days). The organic foulant was characterized by biomass concentration and concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The thicknesses of the cake layer and foulant were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The membrane morphology and inorganic elements were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Roughness of membrane was analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The results showed that the formation and accumulation of protein EPS in the cake layer was the key contributor to most of the fouling. The transmembrane pressure evolution showed that attachment, adsorption, and entrapment of protein EPS occurred in the membrane pores. In addition, the hydrophilic charge of proteins and polysaccharides influenced the adsorption mechanism. The composition of the feed (including hydroxyl group and fatty acid compounds) and microbial metabolic products (protein) significantly affected membrane fouling in the high-rate operation.

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“…Rice-husk-ash and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) are the natural coagulants-flocculants that have the potential to replace the chemical coagulants and flocculants for POME treatment. The combination of rice-husk-ash in a matrix of cement and filtration bed can trap up to 95 % of turbidity and bacteria present in the water (Huzir et al, 2019;Lek et al, 2018).…”

Section: Coagulation and Flocculation Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palm Oil Industries in Malaysia and Possible Treatment Technologies for Palm Oil Mill Effluent: A Review

Kristanti

Hadibarata

Yuniarto

et al. 2021

EREM

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Palm oil industries have become the main sector to boost the economic revenue in tropical countries, especially in South East Asia. In the recent years, the global production of palm oil reached 72 million metric tons in 2018, increasing from about 68 million metric tons in 2017. During that period, Malaysia is currently the second world producer of palm oil after neighbouring country Indonesia. Both countries are the leading exporters of palm oil with 84 % of worldwide production. A detailed analysis of the palm oil business in Malaysia, the environmental issues that have arisen, and the treatment technology used to effectively treat palm oil mill wastewater are reviewed to gain an understanding of environmental sustainability. In Malaysia, most of the oil palm plantations are owned by private conglomerates (61 %), followed by the independent smallholders (16 %), the Federal Land Development Authority (13 %), state agencies (6 %), the Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (3 %), and Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority (1 %). However, the rate of deforestation has increased due to the expansion of oil palm plantations in Malaysia. Palm oil mill effluent is also considered as one of the major environmental issues since it reduces the water quality index. Some techniques are implemented to treat palm oil mill effluent, such as anaerobic ponding systems, integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactors, coagulation and flocculation, thermochemical treatment, vermicomposting, membrane filtration, photocatalysis, moving bed biofilm reactors, and zero liquid discharge. Zero liquid discharge method is considered an appropriate method since this method provides a better waste recovery.

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Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for the palm oil mill effluent treatment by using rice husk ash

Cited by 54 publications

References 43 publications

Microwave radiation-induced grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride onto lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) as an emerging high-performance plant-based grafted coagulant

Microwave radiation-induced grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride onto lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) as an emerging high-performance plant-based grafted coagulant

Fouling Behavior in a High-Rate Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment

Palm Oil Industries in Malaysia and Possible Treatment Technologies for Palm Oil Mill Effluent: A Review

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