Palm Oil Industries in Malaysia and Possible Treatment Technologies for Palm Oil Mill Effluent: A Review

Abstract

Palm oil industries have become the main sector to boost the economic revenue in tropical countries, especially in South East Asia. In the recent years, the global production of palm oil reached 72 million metric tons in 2018, increasing from about 68 million metric tons in 2017. During that period, Malaysia is currently the second world producer of palm oil after neighbouring country Indonesia. Both countries are the leading exporters of palm oil with 84 % of worldwide production. A detailed analysis of the palm oil business in Malaysia, the environmental issues that have arisen, and the treatment technology used to effectively treat palm oil mill wastewater are reviewed to gain an understanding of environmental sustainability. In Malaysia, most of the oil palm plantations are owned by private conglomerates (61 %), followed by the independent smallholders (16 %), the Federal Land Development Authority (13 %), state agencies (6 %), the Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (3 %), and Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority (1 %). However, the rate of deforestation has increased due to the expansion of oil palm plantations in Malaysia. Palm oil mill effluent is also considered as one of the major environmental issues since it reduces the water quality index. Some techniques are implemented to treat palm oil mill effluent, such as anaerobic ponding systems, integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactors, coagulation and flocculation, thermochemical treatment, vermicomposting, membrane filtration, photocatalysis, moving bed biofilm reactors, and zero liquid discharge. Zero liquid discharge method is considered an appropriate method since this method provides a better waste recovery.

Research Trends in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Pome) Wastewater Treatment Using Bacteria in Malaysia: A Systematic Review

“…In tropical nations, particularly those in Southeast Asia, the palm oil industry has emerged as the primary driver of economic growth. (Kristanti et al, 2021).…”

A mini review and bibliometric analysis of palm oil mill effluent in past five years

“…The most common treatment in Malaysia is by anaerobic digestion. The famous treatment methods in Malaysia and Indonesia, namely anaerobic ponding treatment, integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor, coagulation and flocculation, thermochemical vermicomposting technology, membrane filtration, photocatalysis, moving-bed biofilm reactor, zero-discharge, phytoremediation, adsorption, and microbial degradation [1]. The summary of every treatment as summarized in Table 2 4.1 Anaerobic ponding treatment (APT) APT is the most common method to treat wastewater with a high concentration of organic compounds [29].…”

“…Malaysia and Indonesia produce 84% of global palm oil. Palm oil has become the most significant industry in Southeast Asia, especially in tropical countries like Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia [1]. In the palm oil industry, numerous amounts of water have been consumed and wastewater known as Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is produced [2].…”

Two Decades of Palm Oil Business - Environmental Quality Nexus: A Bibliometric Approach

“…Therefore, they sent a message to policymakers and palm oil businesses to harmonize and synchronize the upstream-downstream industry. However, Kristanti et al (2021) signaled that the palm oil business process will generate waste, especially water pollution, which can damage the environment. The zero liquid discharge method can be applied to reduce the negative environmental impact of palm oil business waste.…”