Optimization of CO₂ Concentration on Mortality of Various Stages of Callosobruchus maculatus and Development of Controlled Atmosphere Storage Structure for Black Gram Grains

Abstract

Pulse beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) is a common weevil that is responsible for up to 24% of stored pulse losses. Using black gram grain storage, the efficiency of carbon dioxide gas against all life stages of Callosobruchus maculatus insects was tested at various concentrations and exposure times. The trials were carried out in pilot bins with a capacity of 25 kg. At a CO2 concentration of 50%, complete mortality of the egg stage of Callosobruchus maculatus was attained after 72 h of continuous exposure. At a CO2 concentration of 60% for 48 h, 100% larva mortality was achieved. At the most tolerant stage of pupa, recorded complete mortality is at a CO2 concentration of 70% for 96 hours of the exposure period. Adult insects are especially vulnerable to the high CO2 concentration. Adult mortality was achieved at a concentration of 20% with an exposure period of 48 h. The CO2-treated black grams were then stored for three months with the optimized CO2 concentration and exposure period, while physiochemical parameters such as water retention capacity and physiological loss in weight were determined. Grain stored in the silo showing significant 100% mortality of egg was measured after 20-25 days of observation. The use of a controlled atmosphere storage bin increased the mortality of the insect C. maculatus at all developmental stages, by means of increasing CO2 concentration and exposure time. Grain stored in a controlled atmosphere silo showed minimum losses of grain (4.10%) compared to the gunny bag storage (22.56%).

Effect of Packaging Materials and Moisture Level on Pearl Millet Stored Under Ambient Condition

“…2. Those values for pearl millet grains in polythene bag with 12% initial SMC were 76.00, 62.00, 24.00 and 6.33%, respectively (Table 2) [30,31]. These results are conformity of those reported by author [32,33].…”

“…The interaction of storage container and initial seed moisture content on germination index was statistically significant at each of the observation dates during the storage period in 2022 [36,37]. The highest germination index for pearl millets stored in metal containers with 6% initial MC were 39.00, 35.00, and 26.33, respectively at 50, 100, 150 and 200 DAS and it was statistically at par to those of grains in gunny sacks with 8% initial MC, Pearl millets in polythene bag with at 6% and 8% SMC, grains in earthen pot with 6 or 8% initial MC (Table 3) [38][39][40]. Those values grains in polythene bag with 12% initial MC were 20.00, 12.00 and 5.00 and it was statistically identical to grains in metal container with 12% initial MC, respectively is shown in the Fig.…”

Statistical Analysis on the Mechanical Properties of ATH Nanofiller Addition on the Woven Jute/Polyester Hybrid Composites by the Grey–Taguchi Method

“…ese findings of an ANOVA are employed to identify whether production features affect the influencing sources of variation for ATH as well as jute-based nanocomposite. e extraction efficiency via the entire combined formed eccentricity can be utilised to appraise the impact of a processor variable modification on performance qualities [15,16]. Table 7 demonstrates the influence of every processing parameter using ANOVA, with ATH dust, interlaced jute, and the number of jute layers contributing 22.93 percent, 18.15 percent, and 58.92 percent, respectively.…”

Influence of SiO2 Filler Addition on the Types I and II Shear Fracture Toughness of Hemp Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Mixtures

“…The conformance calibration method is used, and the conformance results for all of the specimens are examined [33]. Figure 4 demonstrates the force versus displacement curves for unaltered and matrices-altered specimens, with 0.6% displaying the highest force values.…”