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The production of biodiesel as an alternative fuel and its use as a mixture and other additives are presented. In the present research work, additive blends with diesel biodiesel from algae oil are physically characterised and an analysis of pollutant emissions is carried out when used in an ignition engine by compression. The measurement of pollutant emissions is carried out through a combined emission analyzer adapted to a system of valves attached to the experimental facility. The properties of each mixture with the polluting emissions are compared with that of the reference diesel. It was found that each of the properties improves compared to that of diesel, reducing most emissions in the use of mixtures with biodiesel.

Producing items that are of both high quality and long lasting is a difficult task for companies right now. There is a huge need for a wide range of engineering materials in today’s technologically advanced globe. The strength and qualities of the material determine the amount of material that may be used. Due to its excellent mechanical qualities and low density, aluminum-7075 alloy is mostly employed in transportation applications such as aerospace, marine, and vehicle production. This study addresses the fabrication and characterization of Al7075 semisolid metal matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with graphene nanoparticles. Samples are made with and without stirring graphene in aluminum-7075 at various temperatures of 800°, 830°, 860°, 890°, and 920°C. At these temperatures, the material is semisolid, so graphene is introduced and stirred into the molten liquid. The specimens meet the requirements of the American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). The hardness, tensile strength, impact strength, and compression strength of various materials are evaluated and compared. Temperature lowers tensile strength, hardness, and compression. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to examine the microstructure. The specimen is evaluated using ANSYS. Specimens with stirring have better mechanical characteristics. Graphene has high hardness and strength.

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The aim of the present work is to develop novel hybrid composites using areca, kenaf, and snake grass fibers as reinforcement and epoxy as the matrix. The areca, kenaf, and snake grass fibers were extracted from Catechu Linnaeus, Hibiscus cannabinus, and Sansevieria Ehrenbergii plants, respectively, and treated with 5% NaOH to improve the interfacial adhesion between the hydrophilic fiber and the hydrophobic matrix. Hybrid composites were developed by the compression molding technique and formulated based on the weight fraction of fibers. Tensile, flexural, and impact strength and hardness samples were prepared as per ASTM D 3039, ASTM D 790, ASTM D 256, and ASTM D 2240, respectively. The effects of alkaline treatment on developed hybrid composites were investigated. The developed hybrid composites with 20% wt. snake grass and 10% wt. areca fiber present interesting mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 58 MPa, flexural strength of 124 MPa, impact strength of 5.24 kJ/m2, and hardness of 88. The results indicate that maximum mechanical properties were obtained for alkaline-treated fiber composites with 20% wt. snake grass fiber compared to untreated fiber composites owing to better adhesion between the treated fiber and the matrix. The effect of alkaline treatment was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared. The fractured surfaces of tested samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.

Many researchers are interested in biofuels because it isenvironmentally friendly and potentially reduce global warming. Incorporating nanoparticles into biodiesel has increased its performance and emission characteristics. The current study examines the influence of magnesium oxide nanoadditions on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine that runs on C. vulgaris algae biodiesel. The transesterification process produced methyl ester from C. vulgaris algae biodiesel.The morphology of nanoadditives was studied using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The fuel sample consisted of biodiesel blends with and without magnesium oxide nanoadditives. The fuel properties of the prepared C. vulgaris methyl ester were found to conform with the ASTM standards. The experimental results were determined by running a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine at different load conditions. When compared to B20, a B20 blend containing 100 ppm magnesium oxide nanoparticles enhanced brake thermal efficiency while reducing specific fuel consumption, according to the research. When MgO nanoparticles were introduced to B20, engine emissions of HC, CO, and smoke were decreased.

Pyrolysis is the most important thermochemical process that can be used for the production of biofuel, from wood and wood-based lignocellulosic materials. In this study, bio-oil is produced from the bio-weed named Ficus religiosa by the thermal pyrolysis process by utilizing laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor. This study deals with the production of maximum bio-oil by optimizing process parameters such as process temperature, particle size, and sweep gas flow rate. Further different analytical techniques were used to describe the properties of bio-oil for different applications. Wood and wood barks of Ficus religiosa were chosen as the raw material due to their higher volatile content (72.4%). The maximum yield of 47.5 wt% bio-oil was collected at the optimized operating conditions of 450°C temperature, 1.0 mm particle size, and 2.0 m3/h sweep gas flow rate. Compared with other operating parameters, temperature is observed as the most significant one to determine the product yield. Through chromatographic analysis, it was identified that the bio-oil is found with the variety of chemical compounds including alcohols, alkenes, phenols, saturated fatty acids, and esters.