Optimization of aperiodic 3D optical phased arrays based on multilayer Si3N4/SiO2 platforms

Wang, Pengdi; Kazemian, Arash; Zeng, Xianghua; Zhuang, Yating; Yi, Yasha

doi:10.1364/ao.411718

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The advent of 3-D OPA technology (Figure 14) presents a promising avenue to address these challenges [139,[143][144][145][146][147][148]. Unlike traditional 2-D OPAs, which are limited to emitting 1-D converged beams, 3-D OPAs can emit 2-D converged beams through an end-fire array mechanism, offering highly efficient broadband.…”

Section: Three-dimensional Opasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of 3-D OPA silicon photonic chips requires further increased demands for waveguide loss and fabrication precision. With strong collaboration with the UM, this company aims to build the country's first silicon photonics pilot line that is entirely focused on silicon photonic chip research and production [30,148].…”

Section: Three-dimensional Opasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In summary, the transition towards 3-D OPAs signifies a pivotal shift in overcoming the limitations of the current OPA-LiDAR technologies, especially for long-range detection Moreover, the exploration of passive 3-D OPAs offers a simplified fabrication route, while maintaining CMOS compatibility. By employing a multi-waveguide-layer design, these OPAs can produce 2-D converged beams via end-fire emission and enhanced fiberto-chip coupling efficiency [139,[146][147][148]. Innovations such as the shaped region for wavelength-tuned beam steering and aperiodic arrangements to suppress aliasing underscore the potential of passive 3-D OPAs in reducing the manufacturing complexity without necessitating phase shifters on each layer.…”

Section: Three-dimensional Opasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In summary, the transition towards 3-D OPAs signifies a pivotal shift in overcoming the limitations of the current OPA-LiDAR technologies, especially for long-range detection applications. By addressing the dual challenges of optical efficiency and fabrication complexity, 3-D OPAs pave the way for more efficient, compact, and versatile optical systems, promising to extend the operational range and reliability of LiDAR systems in critical applications [139,[146][147][148].…”

Section: Three-dimensional Opasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photonic Integrated Circuits for an Optical Phased Array

Yi,

Wu,

Kakdarvishi

et al. 2024

Photonics

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Optical phased arrays (OPAs) are renowned for their exceptional ability to manipulate and direct light beams, positioning them as an ideal choice for solid-state light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the current research landscape for photonic integrated circuit (PIC)-based OPAs. It begins by addressing the critical design elements at the component level necessary for optimal functionality. This review then delves into phase calibration techniques and the overarching architecture of OPAs. It concludes by emphasizing the innovative 3-D OPA design, which stands out for its enhanced optical efficiency.

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Section: Three-dimensional Opasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Three-dimensional Opasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Three-dimensional Opasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In summary, the transition towards 3-D OPAs signifies a pivotal shift in overcoming the limitations of the current OPA-LiDAR technologies, especially for long-range detection applications. By addressing the dual challenges of optical efficiency and fabrication complexity, 3-D OPAs pave the way for more efficient, compact, and versatile optical systems, promising to extend the operational range and reliability of LiDAR systems in critical applications [139,[146][147][148].…”

Section: Three-dimensional Opasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photonic Integrated Circuits for an Optical Phased Array

Yi,

Wu,

Kakdarvishi

et al. 2024

Photonics

Self Cite

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Dispersive silicon–nitride optical phased array incorporating arrayed waveguide delay lines for passive line beam scanning

Bhandari

Wang

Gwon

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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As optical phased arrays (OPAs), used as solid-state beam scanning elements, swiftly stride towards higher efficiency and faster scanning speed, the line beam scanner is emerging as a viable substitute for its counterpart relying on point-beam-incorporated raster scanning. However, line-beam scanners require active phase shifters for beam scanning; thus, they consume more power and have complex device designs. This study proposes and demonstrates a dispersive silicon–nitride OPA that allows for passive wavelength-tuned steering of a line beam with an elongated vertical beamwidth. To steer the line beam passively covering the two-dimensional field of view, we deployed an array of delay lines with progressive delay lengths across adjacent channels. Furthermore, adiabatic tapers that allow precise effective array aperture adjustment are used as emitter elements to flexibly realize different vertical beamwidths. Combinations of different delay-length differences and taper tip-widths resulted in beam coverage (lateral × vertical) ranging from 6.3° × 19° to 23.8° × 40° by tuning the wavelength from 1530 to 1600 nm. The main lobe emission throughput was as small as − 2.8 dB. To the best of our knowledge, the embodied OPA is the first demonstration of a passive line beam scanner facilitating an adjustable beam coverage with quick operation and enhanced efficiency.

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Phase calibration for integrated optical phased arrays using artificial neural network with resolved phase ambiguity

Leng

Zeng

et al. 2022

Photon. Res.

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Phase calibration for optical phased arrays (OPAs) is a key process to compensate for the phase deviation and retrieve the initial working state. Conventional calibration approaches based on iterative optimization algorithms are tedious and time-consuming. The essential difficulty of such a problem is to inversely solve for the phase error distribution among OPA elements from the far-field pattern of an OPA. Deep-learning-based technology might offer an alternative approach without explicitly knowing the inverse solution. However, we find that the phase ambiguities, including conjugate ambiguity and periodic ambiguity, severely deter the accuracy and efficacy of deep-learning-based calibration. Device-physics-based analysis reveals the causes of the phase ambiguities, which can be resolved by creating a tailored artificial neural network with phase-masked far-field patterns in a conjugate pair and constructing a periodic continuity-preserving loss function. Through the ambiguity-resolved neural network, we can extract phase error distribution in an OPA and calibrate the device in a rapid, noniterative manner from the measured far-field patterns. The proposed approach is experimentally verified. Pure main-beam profiles with > 12 dB sidelobe suppression ratios are observed. This approach can help overcome a crucial bottleneck for the further advance of OPAs in a variety of applications such as lidar.

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Optimization of aperiodic 3D optical phased arrays based on multilayer Si₃N₄/SiO₂ platforms

Cited by 3 publications

References 45 publications

Photonic Integrated Circuits for an Optical Phased Array

Photonic Integrated Circuits for an Optical Phased Array

Dispersive silicon–nitride optical phased array incorporating arrayed waveguide delay lines for passive line beam scanning

Phase calibration for integrated optical phased arrays using artificial neural network with resolved phase ambiguity

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